LIsbon essays

LIsbon essays The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake and Candide In 1755, an earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale occurred in Lisbon, Portugal, changing European history and philosophy. But how does one geologic event trigger a paradigm shift from naturalism to liberalism Naturalism unites with rationalism during the Age of Enlightenment, a philosophical movement during the 18th century, which rejects traditional social, religious and political ideas with an emphasis on rationalism. People believe in a world, which follows logical rules, where reason can be used to discover and implement a perfect society. The earthquake in Lisbon shook the very foundation of their beliefs. The Age of Enlightenment or Age of Reason is characterized with a belief in natural law, universal order and the confidence of human reason in the 18th century. Organized religions like Christianity became the enemies of the "enlightened ones and Voltaire created the slogan, Erasez Iinfame!, meaning Wipe it out! Wipe out the infamous thing! i.e. the church of the old order. His influence popularized the ideals of the age. In Candide, Voltaire expresses his philosophy through his characters that embody different ideals of Enlightenment. For example, Candide represents the ludicracy of total optimism. The religious satire of Candide criticizes the traditional dogma. One of the major proponents of the Enlightenment is that individuals have to take control of their own lives which is what Candide finally does after the earthquake. His character growth is based upon the destruction of the world around him. The devastating earthquake of 1755 in Lisbon killed about 30,000 people in a matter of three and a half minutes. Many were killed because they were packed into the citys churches in celebration of All Saints Day; the heavy roofs of the church collapsed on top of them. Also, the candles that were burning at the time started a huge ...

Definition and Examples of Putative Should in English

Definition and Examples of Putative 'Should' in English In English grammar, putative should is the use of the word should in contexts that indicate surprise or disbelief, or that refer to the occurrence (or possible occurrence) of some situation or event. This usage differs from the should of obligation (i.e., the mandative should). As noted by Randolph Quirk et al., putative should (also called emotional should) occurs in that clauses after expressions of emotion (sorrow, joy, displeasure, surprise, wonder, etc.), and is often accompanied by intensifying expressions such as so, such, like this/that, ever, or at all (A Comprehensive Grammar, 1985). In addition, putative should  occurs in subordinate clauses as an alternative to the subjunctive after expressions of suggesting, advising, etc.: They insisted that I (should) stay the whole week (Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 1994). Putative should is more common in British English than in American English. Also Known  As:  emotional  should, attitudinal  should, hypothetical  should, subjunctive  should Examples Major Green gently nodded and then briefly glanced through the same porthole, behind which the Earth lay static and diminutive, no bigger than an average football. The oddest thing for me is that people should be living there at all! he exclaimed on a softly humorous note. (John OLoughlin, Millennial Projections, 1983)It is surprising that you should find this practice shocking, since you French cut off the heads of your King and Queen. (Rebecca West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia, 1941)I know its a little strange, a little bit of a contradiction, that a far-seeing place should also be a basement place, but thats how it is with me. (Stephen King, Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. Scribner, 2000)It seems a great shame you should have to pay for what Albert and Clara did. (Arnold Bennett, These Twain, 1915)It is sad that you should talk such nonsense, and sadder that I should have to listen.(Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller, Studies in Humanism , 1912) Peter Walsh, who had done just respectably, filled the usual posts adequately, was liked, but thought a little cranky, gave himself airs- it was odd that he should have had, especially now that his hair was grey, a contented look; a look of having reserves. (Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway, 1925) Adjectives With Putative Should The adjectives anxious, eager, and willing are followed by a thats are appropriate, essential, important, vital. Adjectives which can be followed by a verb phrase in the thats are afraid, angry, hopeful, inconceivable, odd, sad, sorry, surprised, surprising. (Ilka Mindt, Adjective Complementation: An Empirical Analysis of Adjectives Followed by That-Clauses. John Benjamins, 2011) Factual Should In most of its uses, should is to be found in contexts which are either counterfactual (as in You should be in your office at this time of day, which presupposes ...but you are not in your office) or tentative (as in You should give up smoking, which contains a presupposition approximately paraphrasable as ...but Im not sure you will give up smoking). In some cases, however, should is used in contexts which- at least apparently- contain no negative implication. These contexts, which may be called factual, seem to contradict the hypothesis that -ed always expresses a presupposition of unreality. (Most factual uses of should concern what is often called putative should- see, for instance, Quirk et al...The coincidence of the two categories, however, is only partial.) (Paul Larreya, Irrealis, Past Time Reference and Modality. Modality in Contemporary English, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti, Manfred G. Krug, and Frank Robert Palmer. Walter de Gruyter, 2003) Jespersen on Emotional Should We may use the term emotional should for the use of should in passing a judgment of an emotional character (agreeable or disagreeable surprise, indignation, joy) on some occurrence which may, or may not, be a fact. A sentence like Why was the date omitted? is a mere factual question, but Why should the date of the document be omitted? implies wonder and, possibly, some suspicion of the purity of the motives. Compare further: Where the divell should he learne our language? (Sh.). Why should they try to influence him? [I see no reason] Someone asking for you. Who should ask for me? Similarly, these examples show use in clauses: It is not good that the man should be alone (AV). It was quite natural that the Russians should hate their oppressors. Why should she have done so, I can hardly tell. It is strange that she married (or has married) such an old man merely states the fact; It is strange that she should have married such an old man lays more stress on the strangeness by using the imaginative should in the clause. (Otto Jespersen, Essentials of English Grammar. George Allan Unwin, 1933) Also See Conditional Clause  and  Conditional SentenceConfused Words:  Should  and  Would

Violence in Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Violence in Nursing - Research Paper Example While this patient received a five-year sentence after successful prosecution in a court of law, many more such cases go unpunished, and there is continual mental and physical abuse of nurses by their patients each passing day in various medical facilities. In effect, nurses have put up with abusive behavior, and they continue to tolerate this issue on a daily basis. However, it is essential to avoid the current state of affairs to ensure that nurses played their roles and responsibilities in an enabling environment, which ensures their safety as they provide quality care. Conversely, the failure to ensure a safe environment for nurses will have adverse effects on the quality of care provided. Therefore, it is the responsibility of every stakeholder to ensure nurses' safety in the workplace. It is important to point out that there are ongoing actions to put in place measures meant to protect and punish violence in nursing. However, these measures prove not to be effective. Case in po int, a Maryland bill titled, HB 1099 - Second Degree Assault - Health Care Practitioner, sought to protect health care providers in their workplace during their line of duty. The bill, which healthcare providers were instrumental in its push, would apply to second-degree assault on a practitioner while asking for the raise in the penalty from a misdemeanor to an act of felony. Unfortunately, the judiciary committee in the house rejected the hearing of the bill. In effect, this calls for action to ensure a total protection of the nurses. Introduction The world considers health as the most important aspect that guides the development agenda in a nation. In effect, healthcare becomes the most important sector with governments of the world placing the highest priority in terms of resources and policies on healthcare. Based on the foregoing, the role of the nurse is a crucial one in the society and all over the world. In this regard, nurses play the crucial roles of educating their patie nts publicly and privately; advocacy roles essential for promoting health; rehabilitating patients, and most importantly playing the primary role of giving their patients’ the required care and support during treatment. However, it is crucial to ensure that the environment whereby the nurses operated was safe in order for them to provide quality care. Conversely, an environment that is not safe will have adverse effects on the quality of care nurses provided with the society suffering. Safety in healthcare, as in any other profession, is the most fundamental aspect in order to realize and meet the expected standards of care. In this regard, it is crucial to point out that the failure to have stiff penalties against violence impacts the role of nurses and effectively affects the quality of care. Nevertheless, aggressive and violent behavior from patients, their families, and their friends has become the norm rather than the exception on American hospitals and in the world. In effect, this underlines the importance of legislation and policies meant to penalize these incidents of violence against our nurses in hospital since they leave nurses in a state of negative psychological and emotional responses, which affect their productivity. In effect, this review of the literature seeks to investigate the effects of violence in nursing on the society.

Living in a big city to living in a small city Essay

Living in a big city to living in a small city - Essay Example l amenities and infrastructure such as schools hospitals and spots clubs, in both big and small cities; there is piped water and electricity because of the high populations and the industries that require a constant supply of these facilities (Brown). The infrastructure in both cities includes good paved roads that are made relative to the size and population of the city to accommodate human and vehicular traffic. This makes it to be easier for the resident to access their offices and homes by either driving or commuting in other ways such as underground trains. On the other hand, it is notable that big cities by virtue of size contrast sharply with small cities albeit on related issues. Take pollution for instance, big cities are likely to have more industrial firms which produce comparatively higher emissions in the form of smoke and water pollutants which result in the residents of big cities suffering more from air and water pollution. This is seen in the smog found that is experienced in many large cities such as London as a result of high vehicular traffic as well smoke produced by the many industries therein (Jarvis). Indeed, many of those who move from big to small cities justify their moving is because they want to live in a cleaner environment with fresher air and clean water. Moreover, the other way in which big and small cities differ is the diversity big ones allow the residents in terms of social experiences, as well as economic opportunity. Many big cities like New York are home to many intentional organizations such as the UN headquarters, as a result, they are more cosmopolitan because of they are a melting point of culture from all over the world. Consequently, in such cities one will have better exposure to foreign cultures and will learn to appreciate the diversity, as well as be squinted with new ideas, and to make connections. Economically, in big cities, employment opportunities are easier to come by because of the many firms, which have

Star Trek Technology We Use Everyday Essay Example for Free

Star Trek Technology We Use Everyday Essay Star Trek technology has become reality that we use in our daily lives. There are many different forms of technology fields that have been shown in Star Trek as a first that have become a reality rather than a Science Fiction (Sci-Fi) fantasy. Star Trek technology came from the great imaginative minds of writers and designers with little to no knowledge of science in the original series. It wasnt until the second series that they started to incorporate actual scientific methods and terms. Advancements in science have come about through the influence of creative people thinking of the future. This technology has been instrumental in how we conduct our lives. Contemporary technology has been influenced by Star Trek in many ways. Phones were around for many years before Star Trek; however, they were tied down to the house or office by wires and the bulkiness of the devices. No one could possibly make a phone call on the go, yet they could by using a phone booth. However, using a phone booth would not be of much use since it couldnt be carried around. One of the greatest inventors of this decade, Dr. Martin Cooper, decided to come up with a new form of communicating with the rest of the world. Dr. Martin Cooper found himself tripping over his phone cord when he saw Star Trek appear on the TV playing in the background. Cooper watched with envy as Captain Kirk calmly conversed while walking across an alien landscape. (Laytner, 2011) While Cooper watched Captain Kirk with his communicator, he was bewildered â€Å"And, suddenly theres Captain Kirk talking on his communicator,† remembers Cooper. â€Å"Talking with no dialing!† (Handel, 2005) With the idea set in his mind, he set out to make it a reali ty. In 1973, Martian Cooper, While working for Motorola, he [Cooper] created the first personal cell phone, citing Captain Kirks communicator on Star Trek as an inspiration. His first call on the 28-oz. (800 g) cordless cell phone — dubbed the brick — was to his rival at Bell Labs Research. (Grossman, 2007) However, this big brick of a phone didnt match the likeness of the communicator that Captain Kirk used, so in 1996, Motorola made the first flip phone named StarTAC. (Kessler, 09-0) These clamshell phones were highly sought after and held the cell phone design for many years until touch screen phones recently became more popular. Many Star Trek fans and even older more stubborn non-techies still try to keep the flip phone for the nostalgia of Star Trek and to keep pocket dialing to a minimum. In 1974, Ed Roberts created the Altair 8800, the first minicomputer that came in kits for consumers to put together, yet it wasnt a friendly user system since software wasnt invented yet. The Altair 8800 was named after a space system from the Star Trek series and was the basis for the basic computer language that Bill Gates of Microsoft, Steve Jobs of Apple, and Gordon Moore of Intel used to create new and more user friendly computers. This basic language that Ed Roberts created was inspired by Star Trek (Handel, 2005). When computers became a household name and personal were computers available to the general public, a new development occurred that would be called a laptop. Adam Osborne of Osborne Computer Corporation, the father of portable computers, introduced the first commercially available portable computer with software to run it, named Osborne 1 in 1981 (Scott, n.d.). In 1968, Alan Kay of Xerox made a concept and prototype of a portable information manipulator, named Dynabook, a different form of a portable computer that wasn’t user friendly or available to the general public (Maxwell, 2006). Without software, the Dynabook was hard to understand and use, so the Osborne 1 with its software and graphic interface to allow users to see what they were doing made it a true portable computer. Portable computers got an even newer facelift in 1993 when Robert Haitani developed the Palm Pilot, a first in personal data assistant (PDA) and a new form of portable computers. Robert Haitani, the designer of the Palm Pilot, said his first sketches were influenced by the Enterprise bridge panels and produced it. A few years later there was a combination of cell phones and PDAs since they shared hardware which resembled to the communicator in Star Trek. You could stand there and talk into it like Captain Kirk (Laytner, 2011). The Palm Pilot spanned PDAs which transformed into the current popular trend of tablets and smart phones. All the different technologies incorporated into the tablet and the smart phone can be traced back to their Star Trek influenced roots. Advancements in technology and science have been influenced by many sources. Star Trek played a large role in evolution of the modern technology by influencing many inventors. Even though the original series of Star Trek was written and designed with little to no knowledge of the technological advancements of the times, Gene Rodenberry wrote many views of how life would be with various forms of technology that weren’t even a reality, yet. Works Cited Grossman, Lev. (2007). Best inventions of 2007. Time. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1677329_1677708_1677825,00.html. (Grossman, 2007) Time listed the best inventions and inventors of the 2007, and they had Martin Cooper listed for creating the first mobile telephone that wasnt mounted in a car in 1973. Laytner, Lance. (2011). Edit international. Retrieved from http://www.editinternational.com/read.php?id=4810edf3a83f8 (Laytner, 2011) Talks about the documentary How William Shatner Changed The World and the many inventions of many inventors help shaped the world now because they were influenced by Star Trek to reach for the future. Maxwell, John (2006) Tracing the Dynabook: A Study of Technocultural Transformations http://thinkubator.ccsp.sfu.ca/Dynabook/Maxwell-DynabookFinal.pdf (Maxwell, 2006) This thesis paper was great detail on Alan Kay, who made a from of portable computer that manipulated information, and his accomplishments and how the Dynabook became what it did. Handel, Alan. (Writer) (2005). How William Shatner Changed The World [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u304yVYoCJs

Langston Hughess poem Theme for English B :: English Literature

Langston Hughes's poem Theme for English B is a complicated piece, which is able to stimulate the mind of any person that gives it a chance. Langston Hughes's poem Theme for English B is a complicated piece, which is able to stimulate the mind of any person that gives it a chance. This poem touches on the ever present topics of racism, commonality and differences, with insights on how people are so frequent to prejudge others without even knowing their name. Racism is still present today, even most who would not consider themselves raciest have used some sort of raciest remark or gesture. Racism does not only affect a person with more or less melanin, but also those of a different creed or religion. Many people use everyday slang which contains some sort of derogatory meaning. With the ongoing effort of individuals as well as organizations most hope that our home, our planet, will progress into the all accepting society that is has the potential to become. This poem has made me contemplate all that our country is, and the right to a fair and equal life that we all deserve. With the giant steps we have taken over the past century, I know that we are on the right track. People must realize that we are all the same, except for the melanin concentration in our skin. In fact it has been recently proven through DNA science that a person of African decent in America is more closely related to a Caucasian in America then another African-American. I found this to be amazing and proof of just how close we all our. I am as well as everyone that I know, are guilty of making prejudgments on people without even knowing a thing about them. Whether it is the clothes one wears or the parlance they use, all of use have thought a certain way about a person just from that first impression. This is not a just an American characteristic, in fact in England one could be thought of as smarter and even better looking if

Analysis of Urban Composition using Space Syntax and Computer Techniques

A esteemed axiom from Winston Churchill goes that people shape edifices, and so edifices transform people. The affects from edifices, or more specifically, from the built environment to people is widely-belive in the thought of architectural and urban forms. It has led to some phantasies that trying to reform society by bettering design, such as the Claude-Nicholas Ledoux’s thought of â€Å"cites ideales† in 18Thursdaycentury and the thought of â€Å"reforming the environment alternatively of reforming the people. Peoples could alter themselves if the environment bend to be correct† by Buckminster Fuller in the sixtiess. The overtures to polish the interior relationship between built environment and societal life are truly uncommon apart from above. Under this circumstance, infinite sentence structure, a theory started twenty old ages ago which seting forward by Hillier and Hanson ( 1984 ) , being developed at the Laboratory of University College London and globally distribute over the old ages. Space sentence structure is to analyze the urban composing by utilizing computing machine techniques. In the words of Hillier et Al, infinite sentence structure is a group of techniques which contains the comprehensive cognition of some facets in edifices and colonies, such as quantitative analysis, representation and spacial constellation account. As a broadly definition of constellation, on one manus, it should see one tierce of the relation between two infinites at least, on the other manus, it should see complex dealingss among all infinites at most. Hence, spacial constellation is far more than merely a simple thought of spacial relation and demand to mention non merely a brace of related infinites ( 1987, p.363 ) . Harmonizing to Hillier ( 1984 ) , the 1 who made a breakthrough beyond others, in that infinite sentence structure had by now developed a precise method to depict topological dealingss, locally and globally at one time, in one graph, for edifice and colonies, as a social-spatial issue, with a witting theory about a deep construction in societal infinite in the built environment, in the original signifier of infinite sentence structure, it chiefly emphasized urban forms of the motion of prosaic. It was subsequently generalized to a figure of other countries, such as urban conveyance mold, calculating the grade of air pollution, measuring different vicinities burglaries occurred, and gauging the possibility of development of retail around the streets. In the work of â€Å"Space sentence structure: a different urban perspective† ( 1984 ) , Hillier mentioned three different facets. The intelligibility of infinite, the continuity of business and the predictability of infinite. He thought the spacial organisation of urban countries affects forms of motion and usage harmonizing to good defined rules. And he went on presenting how infinite sentence structure works. It is based on a dweller or a human organic structure in a local point, sing two points, visibleness and the permeableness and doing two waies, the longest axial line and the smallest bulging infinite to develop two maps, axial map and convex map, for urban colonies or edifices. In this manner of analysis, every point in the system has both a one- and two- dimensional facet which means every point has a local and planetary dimension. Now allow us concentrate on most widely used technique of infinite sentence structure in urban analysis, the axial map. Harmonizing to Hillier, in order to understand the â€Å"axial map† , the significance of â€Å"axial lines† and the word â€Å"integration† should be understand clearly. â€Å"Axial line† is basic elements of infinite sentence structure analysis, which is from unconditioned two human inherent aptitudes, visibleness and permeableness. ‘Axial line’ represents the lower limit and longest ocular line associating the different ‘convex space’ . The word â€Å"integration† is initial of import in infinite sentence structure. To explicate it, the construct of deepness should be known first. Take the five different plane types in Figure 1 ( from left to compensate 1-1-1, 1-1-2, 1-1-3, 1-1-4, 1-1-5 ) for illustration, each program consists of three indoor infinites and an out-of-door infinite O. The Justified Graph , which show the relation between out-of-door infinite O and the remainder of infinites, is shown blew each program. The syntactic characteristics of infinites of five different program could be discerned from the Justified Graph. Comparing with F1-1-5 ( F= figure ) , F1-1-1 is a deep sentence structure. Therefore, F1-1-5 is a shallow sentence structure. However, F1-1-1 and F1-1-5 are deep tree sentence structure when comparing with F1-1-2 and 1-1-3. And F1-1-2 and F1-1-3 are two different deep ring sentence structure. Besides, F1-1-4 is a sentence structure between shallow tree sentence structure and shallow ring sentence structure. From the Justified Graph, convenient grade of different convex infinite could be easy shown. In F1-1-2, bulging infinite b2 locates on a deeper and less convenient topographic point comparing with a2 and c2. Although b4 locates on a shallow place, the convenient degree is inferior to infinite O. Because it is two justified stairss off from c4. However, c4 is the most inconvenient topographic point of the system, which is two justified stairss to a4 and b4. It should be noticed that the â€Å"deep† , â€Å"shallow† and â€Å"step† being discussed donnot stand for the existent distance. It is a construct of morphological. â€Å"Deep† and â€Å"shallow† merely show the degree of artworks and â€Å"step† means the figure of infinites from one convex infinite to another in the artworks. The value of integrating of a line linked to its deepness to other lines in one system. To be more specific, the integrating value in infinite sentence structure means how good of the system integrated, how good the elements within the system connect with each other. The most incorporate systems are those with shallowest lines on norm, and the most detached are those with deepest lines ( Hillier et al, 1993, page 35 ) . Integration is the chief portion of the analysis of axial map. The motion of people strongly depend on the integrating value of each line. Integration values play a important function in understanding the map of urban systems in line maps since it result in that the Numberss of motion which pass down each line has a high grade of influence by its integrating value. From some of the point of view, infinite sentence structure is to widen the construct of web analysis to architecture design and urban planning. Its prognosis of motion is controversial. However, the map of infinite sentence structure can non be negated. To be more thorough, I read the book of â€Å"Space is a machine† , anther one written by Bill Hillier. In this subdivision some reappraisals of this book will be illustrated. 1. The position of â€Å"configuration† In the debut at the beginning, Bill Hillier stated that the most critical consequence in these surveies is the construct of â€Å"configuration† bit by bit enter into the centre of the phase. In short, the â€Å"configuration† is intended as a set of relationships. Each of them depends on all others’ association with it. New techniques of spacial analysis have been developed from these, which brings the spacial logic of architecture and urban to visible radiation. What is more, it besides quantifies a truth of the cardinal point being â€Å"how to form things together. Similar with the word â€Å"pattern† , constellation stress the overall construct of complex systems instead than partial. However, we do non utilize the word â€Å"pattern† due to the fact form means to follow regularity. The construct of â€Å"spatial configuration† means the unity of a relationship with any of the relationship depends on the relationships of all other relevant. Here showing a formal but simple definition: for two infinites, if we define the spacial relationship of any sort of connexion between them, such as next or exchange, the relationship between them will alter depend on the manner of any one or both of these two infinites linking with the 3rd infinite. Wherein the constellation is present ( p.14 ) . In the book, Hillier aimed to suggest a new design method, which the constellation is the nucleus construct. It insists that architecture design or urban planning is a procedure with constellation, which means the local alteration promote the overall alteration. Even if merely rely on the cognition of constellation can back up the design. Hillier recalled the infinite sentence structure theory and methodological analysis of some of import new accomplishments in the preamble. These consequences make a more solid and effectual theoretical foundation for infinite sentence structure.Space as a thing in itselfSpace is an nonsubjective property of houses, which can be independently described as material things. However, in architecture, it is rare to depict infinite wholly independent, such as â€Å"enclosed space† is to depict the infinite trusting on the physical signifier instead than to specify infinite as a unrestrained signifier. Roger Scruton see the construct of infinite is a consequence of an chesty architect’s systematic mistake. In the position of Scuton, infinite is non a thing in itself, but simply the antonym of physical entities, that is, the staying of the houses. The infinite of the Fieldss and interior infinite within the church seem no difference except the ornament of the church. Hillier made an illation about the beginnings of Scruton: Descartes thought that the first property of material objects is their â€Å"extension† , which are the properties can be measured, such as length, tallness and breadth. All of these do non trust on worlds. And the 2nd property is, to some extent, dependant on the subjective feeling of worlds, such as â€Å"green† or â€Å"good† . Widening to the construct of infinite, taking the objects from the infinite it occupies, the extension still exist. And this is an property of infinite. Therefore, infinite can be summarized as an extension without object. So when we remove the object from the infinite it occupies, we do non believe that the extension of the infinite has besides been removed. In this position, infinite is matching to the physical properties being defined so it becomes a mensurable belongings of material objects. Hillier believes that one time look upon the infinite from this position, you can non understand how it works in the infinite of human events. From the position of civilization and society, infinite is non merely a impersonal model of societal and cultural concept, but to the full integrated into the societal and cultural signifiers. Human behaviour is non easy occur in the infinite, but has its ain spacial forms. In the subdivision of â€Å"space as configuration† , the relationship between infinite and society does non be on the degree of a individual infinite or the person ‘s activities, but in the constellation of human and infinite. From this subdivision, the layout of spacial relationships is converted into J-diagram ( Figure accommodation ) to make analysis ( p. 11 ) . The demand for an analytic theory of architectureArchitectural theory is to utilize the constructs, words and Numberss to depict the unexpressible intuition, seeking to uncover one or a few unexpressible regulations. Possibly we can state that architectural theory is seeking to make a â€Å"inexpressible technology† , which we can manage those unexpressible signifiers, figuration and spacial forms. At least in some facets, architectural theory describes and steer the design. So in the footings of design, we can state architectural theory is an effort to command edifice design. The architectural theory discussed more in standardized in the yesteryear. They are deficiency of analysis. This is because those unexpressible engineerings merely depict a certain type of figuration. P36 After tonss of treatment about construct of â€Å"rule† and â€Å"theory† , the first measure of seting frontward the theory is the standardization of construct. And so get down to construct our â€Å"inexpressible technology† . The method Hillier used is turning the existent infinite into abstract infinite, to acquire a clear apprehension of these features. Using abstract co-ordinate system replace the infinite with object. In this system, the axis represent the belongingss which can be ruled. P38 With this co-ordinate system, change overing the belongingss of object into coordinate infinite and turn uping the object by utilizing a series of points. So the regularity of the belongings was revealed. This is a basic recording method, which can enter the similarities, differences and relationship between objects in an nonsubjective and independent manner. However, it should be noticed that what we have seen is non the theory. It is the procedure theoretical accounts produce those regulations. In the book, many of the constructs are divided into two different dimension of belongingss by â€Å"dichotomy† , such as the scientific and artistic of the architecture ( p.31 ) . For illustration, architecture is defined as a object and a activity at the same clip ( p.5 ) . And the most of import conceptual differentiation is the standardisation and analytic of architectural theory. Architectural theory by and large appears in normative manner. However, on a deeper degree, it is no less than scientific theories about analytic. Architectural theory is non and can non be a simple regulation. At least, it is a composite of analytic and normative. If the analysis of the theory is incorrect, so the design will non be successful. Architectural theory Tells us how the universe should be like, but we foremost have to cognize what sort of universe it is. ( p.29 ) Why architectural theory should utilize in this alone signifier? The reply lies in the kernel of the work of designers. To be more specific, it is the design. The kernel of design is an activity. It raises all sorts of issues, and architectural theoretician using theory in the signifier of analysis and normative and propose solutions to these jobs. The kernel of the procedure of design is create and anticipation. Theories are used to back up the procedure of create and the analysis of calculating procedure. R. A. Scruton, A Short History of Modern Philosophy: from Descartes to Wittgenstein, ARK Paperbacks,1984.

Children Being Tried as Adults Essay

Some juveniles think that because they are minors, they can’t be severely punished just like adults. Using this thinking, many minors commit crimes thinking of little to no consequences at all. With this thinking, the â€Å"double standard† comes into place. Female juveniles think because of their gender, they can really get away with crimes. For the average american, the term â€Å"juvenile delinquent† is likely to conjure up the image of a teen-age male. The one-sided image is fed by media stories that all but ignore the existence of young offenders who are female. Most of the professional literature on juvenile delinquency is similarly slanted. Should minors who commit crimes be prosecuted as adults? That is indeed a topic you have to really think about twice. All crimes committed by juveniles should and must be treated in the same regard as adults. These kids go to juvenile court and get shortened sentences because of their age, thats not right. They commit big boy crimes, they have to do big boy time. When you think of the word â€Å"Juvenile† what’s the first thing you think about? The first thing that comes to my mind is crime simply because when i hear the word juvenile, its usually followed by delinquent. Until the early 19th century in the United States, children as young as 7 years old could be tried in criminal court and, if found guilty, sentenced to prison or even to death. Children under the age of 7 were thought to be unable to commit criminal acts and were therefore exempt from punishment. Reformers believed that treating children and adolescents as adult criminals was unnecessarily harsh and resulted in their corruption. A 1991 study by Virginia’s Department of Youth and Family Services, entitled â€Å"Young Women in the Juvenile System,† concluded that girls serve more time in training schools than their male counterparts, and for less serious offenses. The same pattern prevails in most other jurisdictions. (Anderson) Between 1994 and 2010, violent crime arrest rates decreased for all age groups, but more for juveniles than for adults. More specifically, the rates dropped an average of 54 percent for teenagers 15 to 17, compared to 38 percent for those between 18 and 39. And while arrest rates for violent crimes were higher in 2010 than in 1980 for all ages over 24, the rates for juveniles ages 15 to 17 were down from 1980. (Brown) Not everyone agrees that tougher crime laws for juveniles are fair or will cut down on youth crime. Many opponents of penalizing kids as adults believe that young criminals, unlike adult offenders, are still developing personal values and character. Juveniles, they say, can be more easily reformed, or rehabilitated, to turn their lives around and lead productive lives. For example, in a documentary i recently watched, all of the adults had been to jail and had a bad childhood but had changed their lives for the best. Many people have shown their disagreement with the statement above in many ways creating controversy. â€Å"Lock ‘Em Up† says one civilian/pedestrian in a street interview . â€Å"Let ‘Em off, they’re just babies† says another civilian. These two statements/opinions stirred up lots of controversy and debates on live television. In one argument a tv reporter said that â€Å"It doesn’t mean adolescents can’t make rational decisions or appreciate the difference between right and wrong. But it does mean that, particularly when confronted with stressful or emotional circumstances, they are more likely to act impulsively, on instinct, without fully understanding or considering the consequences of their actions.† Some controversy comes in with the parents thinking that their children don’t deserve to be tried as adults in their situation. For example, Paul Henry Gingerich, a 14 year old murder suspect is believed to be the youngest person in Indiana ever sentenced to prison as an adult. He was still 12 years old when he arrived here at the Pendleton Juvenile Correctional Facility, the state’s maximum security prison for children. His mother could not do much due to the severity of the situation. Over 200,000 children are charged as adults every year says a researcher at Temple University. At the age of 16, Cameron Williams lives a life far removed from the world of other teenagers. Williams, who celebrated his sixteenth birthday in jail, faces up to 110 years behind bars for second-degree attempted murder and use of a weapon to commit a felony. In November, Williams shot at a police officer in Omaha, Nebraska as he was being chased after being pulled over in a car with two other men. He’s also charged with robbery and assault in another county. Even though he is a minor. Many people are affected/involved in these juvenile cases. In many cases, the juveniles themselves are the ones who are greatly affected because they are the ones who have messed up their future. The parents are also majorly affected by children being charged as adults because they still look at their children as innocent and as babies. In a recent california case, a 15 year old boy was sentenced to 20 years on a murder charged in a maximum security facility and was beaten to death. This made the state and even parts of the nation rethink this whole â€Å"age doesn’t matter thing† when it comes to juvenile sentencing. To decrease juvenile crimes there are several prevention programs. There is a program called D.A.R.E which stands for Drug, Abuse, Resistance, Education. The program is for kids as old as 18 and as young as 11. There are also programs like after school matters which teaches children the importance of staying in school and staying on the right path, and finally P A.C.E. is â€Å"Programming for Young Women in the Juvenile Justice System, which also helps to rehabilitate juveniles after they are released from jail. (Anderson, George M.) Another possible solution could be for parents to teach their children right from wrong early in their lives and for older children, spend more time with them and show them that you care about them/love them, and most of all be there for them throughout their lives. Statistics show that children who grow up in a single-parent household are nine times more likely to go to prison, eight times more likely to commit violent crimes, and ten times more likely to get hooked on drugs than in a two-parent home. After some long research I concluded that teens today don’t fear the law because they don’t think they will get caught. And if they do, they know they have a good chance of getting off because they are tried as teens and not adults. We have to get tougher on crime. There should be a law that everyone over eleven years old will be tried as adults. That way more teens would be discouraged from committing crimes. They would know that murder would get them a very long sentenc e instead of staying in juvenile hall until they are eighteen. If we want to cut down on teen crime, we have to have tougher laws.

Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Essays

Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Essays Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Paper Cultural Mismatches in Educational Psychology Paper The textbook speaks of a cultural mismatch that may interfere with a students ability to succeed in a traditional classroom. Describe the types of mismatches that might occur related to each of these traditional educational practices: a. The daily school time schedule b. The use of Standard English c. Whole-class question-answer sessions d. Classroom competition Many people regulate their lives by the clock: Being on time to appointments, social engagements, and the dinner table is important. This emphasis on punctuality is not characteristic of all cultures, however; for example, many Hispanic and Native American communities dont observe strict schedules and timelines. Not surprisingly, children form these communities may be chronically late for school and have difficulty understanding the need for school tasks to be completed within a certain time frame. To succeed in mainstream Western society, students eventually need to learn punctuality. At the same time, we must recognize that not all of our students will be especially concerned about clock time when they first enter our classrooms. Certainly we should expect students to arrive at class on time and to turn in assignments when they are due. But we must be patient and understanding when, for cultural reasons, students do not develop such habits immediately. Even when children speak English at home, they may use a form of English different from the Standard English that is typically considered acceptable in school. More specifically, they may speak in a different dialect-a form of English that includes ome unique pronunciations and grammatical structures. For example, some African American children speak in an African American dialect. At one time, researchers believed that the African American dialect represented and erroneous and less complex form of speech than Standard English and urged education to teach students to speak properly as quickly as possible. But we now realize that African American dialects are, in fact, very complex language systems with their own predictable grammatical rules and their own unique idioms and proverbs. Furthermore, these dialects promote communication and complex thought as readily as Standard English. Most educators recommend that all students develop proficiency in Standard English because success in mainstream adult society will be difficult to achieve without such proficiency. At the same time, we should also recognize that other languages and dialects are very appropriate means of communication in many situations. For example, although we may wish to encourage Standard English in most written work or in formal oral presentations, we might find other dialects quite appropriate in creative writing or informal classroom discussions. Teachers frequently ask questions of their students and then wait for an answer. But exactly how long do they wait? Research indicates that most teachers wait a second or even less for students to reply. Research also indicates that when teachers wait for longer periods of time-for two to three seconds or even longer-students, especially those from ethnic minority groups, are more likely to answer teachers questions and participate in class discussions. Not only does such an extended wait time allow students to show respect, but it also gives students with limited English proficiency some mental translation time. Yet we should also be aware that some native Hawaiian students, rather than wanting time to think or show respect, may have a preference of negative wait time: They often interrupt teachers or classmates who havent finished speaking. Such interruptions, which many might interpret as rude, are instead a sign of personal involvement in the community culture of those students. School achievement in a traditional classroom is often a solitary, individual endeavor. Students receive praise, stickers, and good grades when they perform at a high level, regardless of how their classmates are performing. Sometimes, though, school achievement is quite competitive: A students performance is evaluated in comparison with performance of classmates. For example, some teachers may identify the best papers or drawings in the class; others may grade on a curve, with some students doing well and others inevitably failing. Yet in some cultures, it is neither individual achievement nor competitive achievement that is recognized, but rather group achievement: The success of the village or community is valued over individual success. Students from such cultures (including many Native American, Mexican American, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Islander students) are more accustomed to working cooperatively than competitively, and for the benefit of the community rather than for themselves. They may therefore resist when asked to compete against their classmates. They may also be confused when teachers scold them for helping one another on assignments or for sharing answers. And they may feel uncomfortable when their individual achievements are publicly acknowledged. Group work, with an emphasis on cooperation rather than competition, often facilitates the school achievement of these students.

Principal Parts of the Verb TO FIT

Principal Parts of the Verb TO FIT Principal Parts of the Verb TO FIT Principal Parts of the Verb TO FIT By Maeve Maddox Reader Barry Kemp has a question about fit: One thing that has puzzled me for a while is the use of the word fit. Its quite clear when one reads that the new rug was a perfect fit in the apartment But what is the rule for the past tense? We often read something like it was a long stuggle but in the end he fit the pieces together or she slipped it on and the suit fit her perfectly It is quite clear these sentences are past tense so why do we not use the past tense fitted? This is one of those puzzles created by the differences between British and American usage. British usage: fit, fit, (have) fitted American usage: fit, fit, (have) fit Other verbs that differ in this way are bet, get, and quit. Americans say bet-bet-bet, get-got-gotten and quit-quit-quit. British speakers say get-got-got and quit-quitted-quitted. They take their choice with bet and say either bet-bet-bet or bet-betted-betted. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersThe Four Sounds of the Spelling OU15 Idioms for Periods of Time

Critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Critical thinking - Essay Example Public schools lack the same rigor that private schools display. Funding is important but that is not the only reason for public schools lagging behind. Some sort of competition with private schools can instill a spirit of enthusiasm and new vision in public schools. It is not correct to say that businesspeople do not do enough for society. Businesspeople not only produce wealth but also they give it back to the society. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Ford Foundation are the glaring examples in the American society of producing wealth and distributing them for the noble cause of education. These foundations work toward the improvement of the school education in poor locality. It is important to bring all nonprofit groups to scrutiny in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness must be measured in terms of students educational achievements. Public schools need to develop clear guidelines and measurement criteria of Students achievements and that is where private schools can help them a lot. This simply means public-private partnership and intensive exchange of ideas between them can improve the conditions of public schools. Adam Smith as the father of modern economics supported the creation of wealth through free-market mechanism (Smith). The large private education foundations are able to support the education system now because they have been able to create huge wealth in their line of business activities. They have created several educational institutions and centers of excellence across the US. Public schools must engage with them in improving their systems and processes so that their students are benefitted. Grants without accountability do not motivate public schools to improve on performance. Bench-mark measurements need to come from private schools and healthy competition with them on certain performance criteria must be encouraged. A school grading system can motivate them to perform better and rewards may be granted when they