Tort Reform in the USA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tort Reform in the USA - Research Paper Example  â€Å"What is tort reform?† is an article composed by Eddins and Greenstone (2009) for the HG.org. This article incredibly helps perusers in getting an away from of the tort change in the US. So as to unmistakably delineate this idea, the creators depict the term tort. They essentially characterize tort as â€Å"a non-criminal common wrong that is caused either intentionally or through negligence† (Eddins and Greenstone, 2009). Article authors state that clinical misbehavior and bogus detainment are a few instances of tort. The tort change endeavors to set procedural caps for an individual’s capacity to record guarantees and confine grants of harms. At the end of the day, tort change forces a few constraints on the most extreme sum the harmed party can guarantee and the measure of time a bothered individual needs to document a case. The article asserts that this strategy may decrease unimportant claims while it likewise removes a few privileges of the person i n question. In his article â€Å"Tort change essential to U.S. future† distributed in CNN U.S, Dobbs (2005) calls attention to long haul advantages of the tort change. The creator says that the proposed tort change would intensify the nation’s financial development as this approach is fit for diminishing the colossal weight of tort suits costs. The essayist legitimizes his contention by pointing that US tort framework has just surpassed $200 billion every year and this figure represents the nation’s 2% of GDP. Dobbs likewise represents that this figure may ascend to generally 8% except if fundamental changes are made to the current tort framework. All through his article, Dobbs alludes to European court frameworks to help the particulars of the tort change in the US. Bornstein and Robicheaux (2008), in their book â€Å"Civil juries and common equity: mental and lawful perspectives†, address various parts of the proposed tort change. The creators express t hat torts are not criminal offenses and they are planned for deciding obligation however not blame. Bornstein and Robicheaux (2008) bring up that there are more tort trails in the United States than contract cases. Because of expanding tort cases, lawful specialists are compelled to go through more noteworthy measures of cash and time on this issue. The essayists likewise show that the proposed change is the main reasonable procedure to manage the US’ common equity framework (p.5). The article â€Å"Tort change harms citizens† was composed by Alley Jordan (2011) and distributed on The Falcon site. The article essayist contends that the tort change strategy would quite restrain the protected privileges of residents. As indicated by the tort change proposition, a partnership can't be sued over a specific sum as fixed by its state. This arrangement keeps offended parties from recouping total harms. The creator contends that intervention statements in the tort change are p robably going to confine plaintiffs’ option to guarantee against enterprises. The muffle request is another intrinsically damaging part of the proposed tort change and it confines the plaintiff’s option to talk about the preliminary freely. The writer closes the article by expressing that â€Å"tort change is useful for the enterprises that help it, yet isn't useful for normal citizens† (Jordan, 2011).â â

Financial Accounting and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Money related Accounting and Report - Essay Example Every one of these proportions have their own particular formulae and they are deciphered by specialists by taking a gander at the figures acquired from figurings. The administration and the CFOs of enormous business substances and the clients of these announcements also depend intensely on the proportions of an organization (Tracy, 2012, p. 14). Net Profit Margins: The gross overall revenue proportion shows how much net sum an element procures on the rate measure of deals made. This proportion is determined in rates and for the given situation and information, the proportion determined shows the way that the element has earned adequate net benefits during the earlier year. The proportion is adequate proof that the organization has performed well for winning net benefits very enough for its approaching years’ tasks. Taking a gander at the proportion, the new financial specialists can be normal for making interest in the organization as the figures of the proportion will help their certainty that the organization will keep on being performing admirably. The uplifting assumptions about the expansion in speculators will likewise profit the organization as the administration will anticipate grow the business with further ventures for new financial specialists. Current Ratio: Current proportion implies the individual money of current resources the organization holds for a solitary particular unit cash of current obligation (Leach, 2010). Or on the other hand, just, the quantity of Euros of current resources accessible to the organization to meet a solitary euro of current obligation. The current proportion for the organization is very ideal as it has 3.7 Euros in current advantages for meet a solitary unit in its present liabilities. Net benefit proportion: The gross benefit figure of the organization is actually 50% of the net deals as appeared by the proportion. It is a decent sign for the organization respects the way that their expense of deals is exceptionally ostensible permitting the organization to gain an adequate measure of benefit regardless of whether other working costs are somewhat higher. Since higher gross benefits for the most part bring about higher net benefits, in this manner

Various concepts that revolve around knowledge Essay

Different ideas that spin around information - Essay Example New conceived babies have little to mull over on. Because of collaboration with the earth, they learn new things relying upon their faculties. In certain occurrences, they emulate what others do and rehash recognizable words. In this sense, it very well may be contended that information has really to have a few establishments. It is through memory that individuals see about things. For instance, one can have the option to tell or foresee presence of a lion even without seeing it by simply hearing its thundering sound. This can be connected with past encounters where one saw a midsection thundering. Along these lines the past experience or experience with a lion could go about as an establishment of realizing what a lion is and how it thunders. Then again, the past experiences with a lion and realizing that that was a lion can be connected with some past pictures seen on pictures or stories told by others. Hence, it very well may be contended that albeit one could know about what a li on is through different methods, the individual experience with it advances the information. In light of this, it is clear that information needs to start some place. The ideas and hypotheses underneath are all around verbalized to expose out this contention. The way of thinking of the sociologies is considered to have assumed a key job in the turn of events and arrangement of the information (Papanutsos and Anton 1968). Hypotheses that clarify information doesn't have a sole issue to clarify about. Rather, they present meta-hypothetical discussions. Meta-hypothesis doesn't clarify a particular article, occasion or action; it includes a progression of experimental certifiable practices as the item examination. In early learning speculations, primary spotlight is on behaviorism. For individuals to have the option to learn and recall new things, a few things are... The paper tells that the way of thinking of the sociologies is considered to have assumed a key job in the turn of events and arrangement of the information. Hypotheses that clarify information doesn't have a sole issue to clarify about. Rather, they present meta-hypothetical discussions. Meta-hypothesis doesn't clarify a particular item, occasion or movement; it includes a progression of experimental certifiable practices as the article investigation. In early learning hypotheses, primary spotlight is on behaviorism. For individuals to have the option to learn and recall new things, a few things are considered to occur in the learning procedure. A portion of these things are clarified by social and constructivism speculations which center their considerations around obtained factors that help the student gain information. These two hypotheses use thought of outside variables that influences ones ability to get and store the new information. To these two hypotheses, mental portrayals are the genuine pictures that we see around us which we see. The capacity and understanding of those pictures would not be conceivable without our psychological portrayals. The psychological portrayals are the ones that help us learn, store, and recollect the data. The rule of effortlessness expresses that subjectivity is the best and straightforward subsequently affordable than many contending and confounded hypotheses that clarify profound quality. Mysticism is the part of philosophical idea that manages issues of central nature of the real world and what lies past the experience

Discontinuity in Self-Reliance and When I Consider How My Light Is Spen

Brokenness in Self-Reliance and When I Consider How My Light Is Spentâ â   â Ralph Waldo Emerson insistently announces in Confidence that the most elevated legitimacy we attribute to Moses, Plato, and Milton is that they set nothing at customs yet spoke†¦what they thought (515). Emerson pronounces that Milton’s significance is credited not to similarity yet rather to innovation. Milton’s break with steady desires is encapsulated in his utilization of a Petrarchan piece in the sonnet When I Consider How My Light Is Spent. Nonconformity and brokenness in a man’s way to deal with life are the tenets upheld by Emerson in his work Independence, and Milton typifies an Emersonian viewpoint while internally looking for individual truth in his poem. The absence of formal structure underway of the two writers upgrades instead of hinders the reader’s handle of the writing. Albeit both Emerson and Milton utilize a spasmodic abstract style in their particular works, Emerson delights in his absence of progression to additionally decl are his belief system of resistance and irregularity while Milton’s utilization of intermittence is acquired trying to comprehend his place before God. The establishment for looking at the two works will be founded on the accompanying meaning of irregularity: any scholarly methodology that veers off from standard basic structure. The nonattendance of formal structure in Emerson’s Independence has been disparaged by certain pundits as an insuperable impairment to a fitting comprehension of the work (Warren 200). A careful assessment of the work, be that as it may, inspires two key cases: Emerson gives a premise to some similarity to structure, and complete progression is contradictory to the essentials of Emerson’s Se... ... The American Tradition in Literature. Eighth Edition. Ed. George Perkins. New York. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994. Milton, John. At the point when I Consider How My Light Is Spent. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th Edition. M.H.Abrams et al. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1996. Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. John Milton: A Reader’s Guide to His Poetry. New York: Octagon Books, 1983. Packer, B.L. Emerson’s Fall: A New Interpretation of the Major Essays. nineteenth Century Literary Criticism 38 (1993): 200-208. Robinson, David M. Beauty and Work: Emerson’s Essays in Theological Perspective. nineteenth Century Literary Criticism 38 (1993): 223-230. Warren, Joyce W. Introspective philosophy and the Self: Ralph Waldo Emerson. nineteenth CenturyLiterary Criticism 38 (1993): 208-213. Wilson, A.N. The Life of John Milton. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.  Â

Why Do We Dream Free Essays

Nobody realizes the genuine answer with respect to why we people dream. Most likely nobody ever will genuinely know yet there are numerous speculations concerning this theme. One hypothesis achieved by celebrated therapist Sigmund Freud is that fantasies are mystery wish achievements of the visionary. We will compose a custom paper test on For what reason Do We Dream? or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Another is the data preparing hypothesis. A third hypothesis is known as the enactment combination hypothesis. Every one of the three are substantial speculations that had the right to be taken a gander at and talked about with somewhat more detail. Sigmund Freud was an analyst in the late 1800s to the mid-1900s. A lot of his work is presently viewed as dated and even somewhat preposterous yet it is as yet concentrated right up 'til the present time. Maybe his most acclaimed commitment to the universe of brain science, alongside being the dad of therapy, was his work on the understanding and significance of dreams. He composed, and in 1900 distributed, the book â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams†. He himself saw his book as significant and said â€Å"[It] contains†¦ the most important of the considerable number of revelations it has been my favorable luck to make. Knowledge, for example, this tumbles to one’s parcel yet once in a lifetime† (Cherry). His hypothesis is that fantasies are subdued, mystery, frequently sexual, wants in the oblivious psyche of the visionary. While dreaming, these mystery fears and wants make themselves known. In the wake of tuning in to certain fantasies from patients of his, Freud said â€Å"What is normal in every one of these fantasies is self-evident. They totally fulfill wishes energized during the day which stay undiscovered. They are basically and undisguisedly acknowledge of wishes† (Freud). Another hypothesis concerning why people dream is known as the Information-Processing Theory. It is otherwise called the Off-Line Theory. The most effective method to refer to Why Do We Dream?, Papers

Restoring Sanity and Fear

Restoring Sanity… and Fear This weekend, I headed down to Washington, DC, for the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear, hosted by none other than Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert. More important, though, given I live just outside the city, was the chance to go home and see my family, including my sister’s cat, Sheesha: And this is proof positive why I would rather have a cat than a child. Cats die maybe two weeks after they stop being cute. Children live â€" what? â€" maybe eighty years after they cease being cute? Another aside: do be sure that if you have a flight at Logan at 6:45pm that you leave MIT well before 5:45pm. If you choose to ignore my advice, you will not make your flight. Even though it’s rush hour, the Silver Line to the airport will burn you, coming only once every ten minutes. Even though you don’t have any carry-ons, the guard who is supposed to simply check to see whether your ID matches the name on your boarding pass will feel it’s his duty to chat about the Yankees and the Red Sox with the person in front of you. And, of course, as you leave the security checkpoint, your laptop bag will tip over, spilling all its contents onto the ground. Then again, you might be lucky enough to be put into business class on the following flight because there are no other seats available. Also, let me say for the record that this is the first time in my four years I’ve been home on a random weekend like this. I go home for Thanksgiving, Christmas, and Spring Break (hardly even over the summer), but I never go home on a weekend despite living so close (relatively speaking). But the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear had become a phenomenon on its own right, and a number of friends from home, MIT comrades, and MIT alums were heading down to the festivities on the National Mall. So, I couldn’t pass up on the excuse to go home â€" especially at Halloween. I’ll spare you the details about what happened on Friday â€" it just involves doing work for 1.00 and having a friend’s car suddenly stop while driving down I-95 â€" but Saturday, well, was quite an adventure. I departed from how at about 11am with my sister, only to happen about the â€" well â€" insanity caused by the rally. Outside the Metro station was a long line extended down the street composed of unwise out-of-towners who didn’t have SmarTrip cards or otherwise didn’t get their farecards in advance. Meanwhile, my sister and I, with our local insight, had our SmarTrip cards ready to suavely go through the fare gates. It didn’t quite work that way, because for the umpteenth time my SmarTrip stopped working (never happens in Boston, by the way). Thankfully, the station officer said the line was too long and let me go in for free ($2.40 saved!). Estimates for the crowd attending were at nearly a quarter million, but the D.C. Metro was sadly ill-prepared. They were still running their pathetic Saturday service, which sees, at times, only one train every fifteen minutes. Hence, this miserable sight, and the packed-worse-than-vacuum-sealed-sardines trains: Look at the platforms, just look at them! If you didn’t get on the train at one of the suburban stops, you weren’t getting on at all; there were simply too many people. I had intended to meet up with several current MIT students or MIT alums, but finding our way through the crowd was difficult enough. Further, it seemed as if the cellular networks were jammed with rallygoers posting realtime Facebook updates about the event and CNN reporters Twittering about the breaking news on the National Mall. So, I couldn’t even call them. And while organizers had intended to only accommodate a crowd for four blocks, they ended up taking up ten blocks of the National Mall, plus a number of adjacent streets. The side effect is that a number of people couldn’t hear or see anything, forcing some people to scale trees or, worse, portable toilets (I was so hoping for one of those to cave in). At one point, the crowd even began to chant “Louder! Louder!” Either way, it was quite amusing to look at the signs. If you’re easily offended, hide your kids and hide your wife. I was considering adding Halloween to my blog post, but it was a rather quiet Halloween in my neighborhood. When I was in high school â€" i.e. too old to be trick-or-treating (ahem…) â€" it was tradition for me to sit outside in a chair pretending to be a scarecrow and then jump out on unsuspecting kids. Having been at MIT all these years, I have not been able to satiate my appetite for little children screaming. But, this year, I was able to reprise my role, restoring fear in the hearts and minds of children. I didn’t even think I looked fake, but, my, children can be gullible. Some of those screams were of Wilhelm caliber, and one girl in particular was clutching to the side of the house in unabated horror with a scream that caused some boys down the street who I scared a bit earlier to break out in laughter. Sadly, there weren’t too many people out in my neighborhood trick-or-treating, so I had to be satisfied with the ten sets of kids (and parents) who I managed to startle. But I’ll take what I can get.

Formal Elements in City of God - Literature Essay Samples

In Fernando Meirelles’ film City of God (2002) the audience is introduced to and follows the life of Rocket, and his affiliation with Li’l Zà © (formerly Li’l Dice), a gang leader in the City of God. In one of the final scenes of the film, a continuation of the opening scene, a battle breaks out between the two rival gangs in which Rocket is caught in the middle. Shots are fired on both sides and police become involved, resulting in the arrests of Carrot and Li’l Zà ©. Through the lens of Rocket’s camera, the audience witnesses the police take Li’l Zà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s money and possessions as bribes and set him free. Upon his being freed, Li’l Zà © is approached by the Runts who brutally murder him both with the intent to take over the drug business, and out of revenge for the murder of one of their own. After the Runts are gone, Rocket approaches Li’l Zà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s bullet-hole-riddled body, and captures the only images of the ta ke down of the tyrant gang leader. Meirelles uses several formal elements to heighten the authenticity of emotion throughout the film. In the final few scenes in particular, Meirelles utilizes shadow and low angles to depict the clumsiness and nervousness that Rocket is experiencing as he witnesses Li’l Zà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s interaction with the police and the Runts. Rocket is seen only through the cutouts in the wall with his face obstructed by either the presence of his camera or the wall itself, as the policemen, who are cast entirely in shadow, walk down the stairs toward Li’l Zà ©. After snapping a few pictures, which are caught in brief freeze frames as he takes them, Rocket is seen hurriedly attempting to adjust the settings on his camera from a low angle initially, and then a close-up on his fingers as they fumble with the dials in an attempt to make sure he gets every shot he can and does not miss a single detail. Another interesting choice of formal element Meirelles uses in the film, is the idea of the camera capturing all of the action of this scene through the lens of Rocket’s camera. The audience experiences this event quite literally through the eyes of Rocket as he is attempting to capture these crucial moments for the City of God. The lens of the camera produces a white circle in the center of the shot as a means of focusing the image, and the audience experiences this. The viewer is able to see the shift in focus of the image as Rocket attempts to steady his hands and the camera in order to get the perfect shot through the cutouts in the wall; which often obstruct the view of the camera in a blurry outline. In between pictures, the camera will switch points of view from Rocket’s to an objective view where the audience catches a glimpse of Rocket through the cutouts in the wall, with his camera ready in his hands and his eye peaking just over the lens at the events unfold ing. Lastly, Meirelles utilizes diegetic sound to capture the snap of the camera over the sound of the conversation between Li’l Zà © and the police officers. While the conversation is still audible, the click of the camera takes precedence over the mumbled conversation when Rocket’s point of view is in effect. Meirelles does this for two reasons: the first, is to solidify the audience’s understanding that this is all taking place in Rocket’s point of view, and the snap of the camera is going to be louder to his ears than the conversation taking place. The second, is to further drive one of the main themes of the film; a picture is worth a thousand words. In most cases, the images Rocket is capturing say more about life in the City of God and the corruption of the police than any interview with a citizen or officer could. Through the use of several formal elements, Meirelles was able to heighten the authenticity of emotion within the film and further the audience’s understanding of the corruption in the City of God. The utilization of shadow over the police officers as they walked down the stairs evoked a sense of fear of being caught within the audience. The low angle and close-up shots of Rocket fumbling with the camera presented feelings of anxiety over being caught and urgency to capture the next image. Anxiety could also be felt every time the camera clicked, for fear that the police or Li’l Zà © would hear it and come after Rocket. However, none of these elements would have had nearly the same emotional impact on the audience had the camera not been in Rocket’s point-of-view for the near entirety of the scene. Meirelles’ choice to film through Rocket’s lens made this scene the most impactful piece of the film.

Womens Suffrage in the United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 625 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Women's Suffrage Essay Did you like this example? Prior to 1920, women in the United States did not carry the right to vote in political elections, for the privilege of voting was solely for caucasian men. Women across the country desired for equality- to have the social, economic, and political status as men. Unfortunately, these ambitions were seen as irrational and continuously neglected by many men. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Womens Suffrage in the United States" essay for you Create order These brave women sought to prove that they were capable of more than just tending to children and carrying out household chores. American women felt it necessary to be recognized as citizens that contributed to society in both political and economical aspects. The Womens Rights Movement started to take shape and be more recognized in the 1950s. Unfortunately, the timing did not work in their favor. Just as the movement was gaining more and more attention from others, the Civil War began. This interrupted any progress in the fight for womens rights. Upon the conclusion of the Civil War, another group was awarded the right to vote. On February 26, 1869, the Fifteenth Amendment reached enough attention to pass through, thus granting African-American men the right to vote. With the passing of this amendment women had a sense of optimism and excitement anticipating that they too may also win the long awaited legal dispute to vote in elections. While being oppressed, women were so desperate for equality that some of them dressed as men just to attempt to cast their vote. Other actions some suffragettes took were hunger strikes. These women would starve themselves just to get attention to prove their point of equality. Risking their lives, their freedom, and their health were all drastic measures they viewed as necessary steps in achieving their goal. The fight for womens suffrage lasted mostly between the times from the American Revolution to 1920. Many of the women that founded this movement also took part in the abolitionist movement to end slavery in the 1830s and 1840s. These women were intelligent, strong- wi lled and persistent. They knew what they wanted and they were ready to fight for it. An important woman in this movement, Alice Paul, began an Equal Rights Amendment and gained popularity with her crusade. Alice Paul and her supporters would arrange parades to raise awareness of womens equality. Through this, Alice Paul and the rest of her organization gained many more supporters. Some women were beaten and arrested for simply talking about how they deserved to be treated better. Opposition was using propaganda and stating women should not have that right. President Wilson was a big support to this movement. He talked to the senate about adopting womens suffrage after World War l ended. After many years of protesting, arguing, and fighting, the 19th Amendment, womens right to vote, went through the ratification process in 1919. Before Senate passes the 19th Amendment, there were many states that adopted womens suffrage prior to this happening. Some states to adopt this act were Oregon, Arizona, Montana, and South Dakota. Some states to reject this act included Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts. Other actions that were occuring to help this movement was women living in Arkansas could vote in primary elections, and in 1917, Jeannette Rankin became the first woman elected to congress and is part of the House of Representatives. Most of these particular steps supported the movement and helped the Amendment pass. However, some actions were taken to try and stop these women from overcoming their goal. Alice Paul was put in a prison because the government was trying to break her will of leading the other women. This did not stop the women because they soon had the 19th Amendment go through the ratification process, and all they can do is continue to support and hope the 19th Amendment is ratified.

What Are The Rights A Person Has, Their Nature And Their...

Professor Michael Izady Midterm Faisal M Al Jawhary Pace University What are the rights a person has, their nature and their sources? 1. First describe and name all the rights that you as a person/human being have. (a. natural, b. social contractual, c. legal, d. religious, and e. filial rights). their sources and what types of rights supersede others and why. The way of humanity to the modern understanding of human rights was long. The core element of a legal status of human and citizen are their rights, freedoms, and duties. Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms granted to all people, regardless of their nationality, gender, national or ethnic origin, race, religion, language or another status. Human rights are the social ability to act freely, to choose the type and extent of their behavior in order to satisfy diverse material and spiritual needs of the person by using certain social benefits within limits set by legislative acts. In the rights, freedoms, and responsibilities standards of behavior that are considered binding, useful, appropriate for normal functioning of society are not only fixed but also reveals the basic principles of relations between the state and the individual. Ensuring human rights and freedoms the state, in turn, requires certain behavior from the people that are formulated in the system of legal obligations. (Ishay, 2004) The most common in the legal literature classification criterion of the human andShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature1089 Words   |  5 PagesHuman nature In order to accurately understand the concept of political power, and develop it from its source, we must first understand the nature of man. Naturally all men are in a state of perfect liberty. This signifies that they can dispose of their persons and possessions and can order their actions in the way they see as fit, within the limits of nature’s law, without depending on or asking permission from any other man. 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In The Analects of Confucius, readers are often directed by Confucius himself, regarding appropriate and virtuous manners throughout their lives. The  Analects  depicts Confucius as someone who transmits but not create [†¦] (7:1, Analects). What Confucius claimed to transmit was the  Dao  (Way); a Confucian notion of the evolved moral and cultural patter of past eras of sage governance. Throughout the  Analects, he is the erudite warden of ritual who tests his disciples to emulate the eldersRead MoreIn The Second Treatise Of Government, John Locke Offers1637 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Second Treatise of Government, John Locke offers a theory of human beings as owners of their own persons and labor, and of a natural right to property, which is the function of civil society to protect. In the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Rousseau argues that â€Å"private property is an artificial creation and the source of crimes, wars, miseries, and horrors† (Rousseau. p. 62). Locke and Rousseau have radically different conclusions after beginning from seemingly similar views on laborRead MoreCapstone Project Analysis1015 Words   |  5 PagesFor our capstone project, our group will be focusing on the examination and analysis of the newest version of the Android operating system, 8.0 or Android oreo. The ultimate goal of the project is to create a well documented and detailed source of information for forensic investigators examining Android devices running Android 8.0. Currently, there is very little forensic information about the newest version of Android, especially in terms of the newest features such as now playing, instant appsRead MoreEnlightenment : The Age Of Enlightenment And The Enlightenment782 Words   |  4 Pagesduring this period were about God, reason, nature, and developments in art, ph ilosophy, and politics. The â€Å"Enlightenment thinkers† affected the development of the United States Government. 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This paper willRead MoreIs Cicero A Roman Orator?996 Words   |  4 Pages He wrote some works reflecting the personal feeling of an emotional and sensitive man. He wanted to understand if what is right and what is advantageous can ever conflict. He concluded that such confronts can only be apparent, never real, and this gives him occasion to reassert the supremacy of moral considerations over all others. His main idea is to address the confusion of what we value and the way things are traditionally done. Being immoral damages our own humanity. â€Å"From now on, those whose

Symptoms And Treatment Of Dr. Giovanni Essay - 2183 Words

Question 1 What is the significance of his results? (10 marks) The results of Mr. Giovanni indicate that he has a number of issues. Analysing the admission results, Giovanni has a very high blood glucose level exceeding the normal limits of 4-7 mmol/L (Carlson Castro 2016). It can be suggested that Giovanni is a Type 2 diabetic patient. This can be backed up by his current signs and symptoms. Polydipsia has occurred due to excess glucose that has built up in the bloodstream causing the fluid in the tissue to be pulled out (Carlson Castro 2016). This leaves the patient feeling thirsty which results in the patient drinking more fluid leading to polyuria. Giovanni also describes feeling fatigue which is a symptom of type 2 diabetes. As cells are deprived of the required glucose it will cause the patient to feel very tired (Carlson Castro 2016). The blurred vision Giovanni is experiencing has happened due to the high blood glucose levels causing fluid in the lens of his eye to be pulled out (Carlson Castro 2016). This has caused Giovanni to have disrupted focus in his vision. It is also very common in diabetic patients to develop tingling sensations and oedema in the peripheries which Giovanni is also currently experiencing. The pain Giovanni feels when ambulating and the tingling in his peripheries are an important sign of diabetic neuropathy (Carlson Castro 2016). Over time, diabetes can cause damage to the nerves in the body. This is more common in patients whoShow MoreRelatedHumoral Concept, Anatomical Theory and the Germ Theory Essay746 Words   |  3 Pageshumors this imbalance results in disease or the disability in the physical health or mental health of an individual. In (1682 – 1771) an Italian physician named Giovanni Battista Morgagni did an in depth study of the Anatomical Concepts of Disease. 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Pope Innocent VIII, Giovanni Battista Cibo, was said to have been repeatedly transfused with the blood of three ten year old boys between 1490 and 1492. There has been much debate whether it was an actual transfusion or blood ingestion, but it is known that all four participantsRead MoreCase L avern Longsworth V The Queen Judgment 115046 Words   |  61 Pagesreasons for its decision and I do so now. The case for the Crown [4] The Crown’s case is that on 15 July 2010, the appellant threw accelerant on the deceased and set him on fire with a candle that was nearby, after the deceased asked her for $10.00. Dr. Estrada Bran who conducted the post mortem on the deceased, who died 17 days after he was burnt, testified that the deceased died as a result of pulmonary edema due to multiple organ failure, due to second degree burns. 2 [5] The Crown’s caseRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 Pagesdelivery focus! 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Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels - 974 Words

Perhaps no document has had such far reaching effect as Karl Marx’s, Communist Manifesto. The Communist Manifesto, hereafter referred to as the CM, was published in London, 1848 and served as the culmination of the collaboration between Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The CM was to serve as the basis for the communist platform, a political system which, in Marx’s and Engel’s view, served as the final destination in the natural progression of society. Marx attributed this progression to the idea that â€Å"class struggle† served as the driving force in the history of all previous civilizations. Marx recognized the distinction between the working class, or the Proletariat and the upper class, or the Bourgeoisie was becoming increasingly clear with the industrial revolution noted as the inciting event of the two new clashing classes. The CM was distributed among the German, communist league and served as the parties platform explaining the main components of the economic theory. The main idea of the CM was that history consisted of a clash between two factions, the elite ruling class and the meek peasantry. Marx even explicitly cites several civilizations in the CM, which demonstrate this class distinction: â€Å"In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs†. Yet, to Marx the newly formed Bourgeoisie and Proletariat where the clearest example of a class struggle. Marx theorizedShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels1224 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels were asked to write a manifesto for a group that they had recently been accepted into, a group known as the â€Å"Communist League,† a group of activists that met in London. Marx and Engels – though Engels pri marily took care of editing and revising, Marx did a large amount of the writing – would write The Communist Manifesto for this group. After the manifesto was published, it became one of the most well-known as well as influential pieces of philosophy, and is the reasonRead MoreKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels1626 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the infamous villains of capitalism, were authors who wrote The Communist Manifesto. Their theory argues that class struggles or the exploitation of one class by another will give rise to a new world order in which society as a whole will take control of their own destines. This involves the battles between the proletarians and bourgeoisie, communism and democracy, and final capitalism and socialism. However, since the times of Marx and Engel communism has been slowlyRead MoreKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels1940 Words   |  8 PagesNow days Karl Marx is still consider one of the most significant and influential thi nkers of all times. Karl Marx with the help of Engel’s, which was also a political philosopher were the fathers of communist or socialism which was almost establish successfully in Russia. They provided a complex and philosophical analysis of capitalist societies which is still influencing major changes in the societies. Marx opposed to the principles of capitalism and considers that it was an economic system controlRead MoreCommunism Created By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels799 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophy and form of government that has been used all over the world. It was created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. For the most part it has failed to build stable and prosperous nations. What factors caused communism to fail? Can we identify those factors and avoid it entirely? We must try to, and preserve our successful form of government. The creators of communism are Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818 into a well off German family. He eventually attended universityRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels1746 Words   |  7 Pagesthe government can do that is acceptable. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince, in which he argues that people are naturally immoral and will do what they can, whether good or bad, to maintain well-liked. In The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the main argument is that humans are rational and would be able to govern themselves as a result of have one single class. When thoroughly analyzing each of the political works, it is clear that the main motivating factors behind eachRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto By Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels Essay929 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Communist Manifesto† – the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels was published on February 21, 1848. This book is the fir st document of scientific communism and the first program of the international communist organizations and parties. 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The Communist Manifesto reflects an attempt by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory behind the movement. Marx sees all of Europe allied against the idea of communism and consistently demonizes it and its followers. This caused the Communists to assemble in London and create this Manifesto in order to make their views

Sustainable Housing and Urban Construction Free Essays

Since the beginning of time, the built environment has been an integral part in providing shelter needs for men, women and children. Maslow (1943) formulated that shelter is a basic requirement of humans. In the future, humans will have to construct sustainable shelter otherwise would they would risk depleting resources for subsequent generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Housing and Urban Construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Construction is an example of a multitasking activity. The lifecycle of construction can be broken into phases. Achieving building sustainability in modern environment requires a better understanding of environmental impacts. Impacts such as climate change, associated costs, as well as utilising benchmarking scale to measure across a whole range of building types and occupancies. This report will discuss building sustainability, the constraints that stake holders of built environment face, and the role of architects in the process of constructing sustainable buildings. Conceptually, sustainability is allowing present generation to meet its needs without depriving later generations of a way to meet theirs. According to Meckler (2004), building sustainability means to â€Å"provide a safe, healthy, comfortable indoor environment while simultaneously limit the reduction of the earth’s natural resources†. Architects, with their unique position within the built environment, are well equipped to meet the challenges of sustainability in the built environment. The building and construction industry possesses a high ability to be innovative (Meckler 2004), and through this innovation that it would create new methods and processes resulting in constructing improved sustainable buildings that can be serve as subsequent year’s benchmark to beat. The construction industry has invested in research and development into sustainability in order to gain a clearer understanding the effect of building on the environment and reducing the impact of buildings on the environment. The common goal is to be â€Å"energy efficient†. Being energy efficient does not equate to being energy sustainable. The energy from the traditional fossil sources cannot be supplied without using further considerable amount of energy in supplying it. The efficiency of the energy lifecycle starting from the raw extraction of resources, preparation, transport, conversion and distribution to application may be up to 20%. To equate this in simple terms is that it takes approximately 5kWh to deliver 1kWh of energy for consumption. So in order to consume 1kWh of energy, the real term consumption is actually 6kWh. Numerous studies internationally have shown that operational energy consumes the main amount of total energy use in buildings during a typical service lifespan of approximately 50 years. This accounts for about 85–95% of total energy use (Thormark, 2005). From a residential perspective, there should be a focus more on the sustainable development of the residential buildings and urban constructions. The fundamental reason new and more energy-efficient technologies continue to be ignored and the technologies that are applied rarely perform as efficiently as they should is because of a lack of accountability for building energy performance in current building design and operation practices. The building and construction industry in Australia has made significant progress forward in the last 5 years to improve their environmental performance. This improvement has been in response to increased attention from local and state government policies regarding to Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD), as well as the availability of holistic environmental rating tools such as the Green Building Council of Australia’s Green Star rating tools. Architects factor in climatic variables into their thoughts as they design and plan houses, premises and buildings (Alnaser Flanagan 2007). In hot dry regions such as in the Northern Territory, the built environment should be planned compactly to reduce the amount of surfaces exposed to solar radiation. In warm humid regions such as in Queensland, buildings should be openly spaced to maximize air movement between individual buildings. This would reduce the structure operational energy consumption and maximise Green Star rating. Green building is a tremendous growth area in design, construction and building materials. Green building has gained momentum due to the rise in energy costs and cost of building materials. The happy medium is somewhere between a combination of passive measures through optimal building design and active measures achieved through efficient mechanical system designed to control the indoor climate. These active measures mentioned above include utilizing renewable energy, such as solar energy, wind energy and geothermic energy, improving thermal performance of building structure, utilising daylight and energy efficient lightings, and developing new sustainable building materials (Thormark, 2005). Another aspect of sustainability that is often neglected is social sustainability. Social sustainability can be thought of as qualitative indicators that complement the development process. Some social sustainability objectives are to provide adequate local services and facilities to serve the development, to provide housing to meet the needs of the population, to provide high quality, habitable developments and where possible to preserve local culture and heritage. In any actual development, there is a need for other supporting elements to make it appealing and sustainable. An integral part of the development is to provide high quality energy efficient buildings for community activities such as musicals and outdoor space for open markets. By having such gatherings, the community will get a sense of ownership and will utilise the facility frequently. A salient aspect of sustainable development is to provide a mix of housing structures of all different types (Zhu Lin, 2003). In order to achieve the objective of providing affordable housing; designs and construction must be of high quality and yet utilises minimal resources. Wherever possible, cultural heritage should be preserved through the reutilising of local valued buildings. If cultural preservation is achieved, the architectural design for the developments will reflect local heritage and use local materials. According to Williams and Dair (2007), there are 9 commonly identifiable barriers to achieving sustainability. Some of these barriers are: 1. Sustainability measure was not considered by stakeholders 2. Sustainability measure was not required by client (includes purchasers, tenants and end users) 3. The sustainability measure cost too much (in some cases the investor would not fund) Unless sustainability is on the agenda of the local planning government, stakeholders are unlikely to voluntarily put sustainability measures on their agenda. Stakeholders were simply bypassing sustainability issues altogether. As with most local government planning policies, there are strict guidelines regarding social objectives, such as meeting housing needs. If a policy is active at the forefront of development then they appeared on stakeholders’ agendas. Many architects have the ability to succeed in achieving a higher star rating for energy efficiency for their built environment projects. They have been doing so for a while. The challenges of sustainability in the future should not be construed as extra attachments to how architects have designed in the past. Architects have the inherent ability to go back to the drawing board and to reinvent the design process to reflect the buildings needed for the future. Architects have a vital role to play. They are a part of key decision making mechanism in the building and construction industry. Going forward, their role will be inextricably linked to producing sustainable outcomes. There are many indicators for sustainable building design (Smith 2001). (a)Identifying possible sources to generate renewable electricity on location, i. e. like Building-Integrating Photovoltaic (BIPV). (b)Minimal usage of fossil fuel energy sources used during the lifetime of the building. (c)Ensuring that building management systems are user friendly simple to operate. (d)Implementing passive or active solar energy while employing heating and cooling systems which are fine tuned to the needs of the occupants with air-conditioning used only in exceptional circumstances. As we progress into the future, the need to provide shelter increases due to population growth. The building structures needed for this growing demand have to be environmentally and socially sustainable. There is a global increase in awareness of the diminishing supply of traditional fossil fuel resources. Fossil fuels make up the core heating and cooling energy consumption presently. In order to achieve sustainability and leave the next generation able to meet their needs, there are short term increased economic costs as the transition from traditional dependent on fossil fuels to alternative energy sources. These barriers have to be overcome and the role of the architect in the overall schema is extremely important. They possess the necessary design skills to adapt to the changing needs and produce sustainable commercial and residential . REFERENCES †¢N. W. Alnaser_, R. Flanagan (2007). The need of sustainable buildings construction in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Building and Environment 42 (2007) 495–506 †¢T. HARTMAN. (2008). A Vision for Energy Performance Integrating performance – monitoring initiatives to improve building sustainability. HPAC Engineering †¢ May 2008 †¢Maslow, A. H, (1943). A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION, Originally Published in Psychological Review, 50,370-396. 1943 †¢C. McCabe. (2006). Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management. Sustainable building design in Australia. Eco-Architecture: Harmonisation between Architecture and Nature. Vol. 1, pp. 237-245. 7 Jun 2006. †¢M. Meckler. (2004). Achieving Building Sustainability through Innovation Engineered Systems. †¢L. Nervenga. Specifying for Sustainability. Architecture Australia 1904-2006 †¢FS Smith. Architecture in a climate of a change: a guide to sustainable design. UK: Architectural Press, An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001. †¢C. Thormark. (2005). The effect of material choice on the total energy need and recycling potential of a building. Building and Environment 41 (2006) 1019–1026 †¢K Williams C Dair (2007). What Is Stopping Sustainable Building in England? Barriers Experienced by Stakeholders in Delivering Sustainable Developments. Sustainable Development Sust. Dev. 15, 135–147 †¢Yingxin Zhu, Borong Lin (2003). Sustainable housing and urban construction in China. Energy and Buildings 36 (2004) 1287–1297 How to cite Sustainable Housing and Urban Construction, Papers

Huckleberry Finn Satire free essay sample

Through Huck’s eyes, a reader is able to comprehend the hypocrisy of those surrounding Huck during this time in not only his life, but this time in history as well. Emphasizing religion, â€Å"mob mentality,† and romantic literature, Twain satirizes these three traits throughout the entirety of the novel to show what perpetrated Huck to â€Å"escape† from civilization. From the very beginning of the novel, Twain uses Miss Watson to show the hypocrisy of a â€Å"good Christian woman† during this time. Huck says â€Å"By and by they fetched the nig*er in and had prayers, and then everybody was off to bed† (Twain 5). Miss Watson claims to be trying to civilize Huck and teach him the right morals, but at the same time she is the owner of several slaves, considering them property, which is morally wrong according to the Bible. Another example of the Twain using the satire of religion in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is through the Shepardson and Grangerford feud. Every member of these two families claims to be Christian, and yet they are in a constant fight and feud with their neighbor while the Bible states to â€Å"love thy neighbor. Also, while both families attend church, they keep their guns tight in between their legs, just in case there’s any trouble while listening to the sermon about â€Å"brotherly love,† and the day after this sermon, the bloodiest fight between the families occurs, leaving readers to see for themselves that neither of the families â€Å"practice what they preach. † The reason of the Shepardson and Grangerford feud is unknown to not only Huck, but the majority of the people involved as well. They simply continue fight because it is what they have come to know. This can be seen as an example of Twain’s iconoclastic tendencies towards the idea of a â€Å"mob entality. † Following another’s instinct instead of going along with one’s own is an essential issue that suit ably goes along with this novel. During one of his schemes, the King uses the gullibility of the people around him to convince them that he is a pirate-turned-preacher following the glorious ways of God. â€Å"Take up a collection for him, take up a collection† (Twain 128) was shouted out by a member of the crowd being â€Å"preached† to by the King. Those around him agree, not one of them thinking for themselves and realizing how insane the King’s story actually is. The King and Duke also set another example of the â€Å"mob mentality† forth while pretending to be the brothers of Peter Wilks, a deceased man who’s village is waiting for his two English brothers to arrive and claim his wealth. After learning the details of the brothers’ lives, the Duke and King arrive in the Wilks’ town as the English brothers. The longer they spend in the town, the stronger the â€Å"mob mentality† gets. As soon as Dr. Robinson steps out and says that the Duke and King are mockups, the rest of the town’s people, who are too blind to see what is really happening, shoot his idea down. Twain also uses the Boggs-Sherburn event to satire the â€Å"mob mentality. † When Colonel Sherburn proceeds to shoot the town drunk, Boggs, the townspeople decide that what he had done was so horrible that lynching Sherburn was the only fitting solution. Later in the evening when the mob of townspeople show up at his home, Sherburn faces the mob and proceeds to tell them that every individual there is a coward since they are only coming to lynch him in a group, whist not a single one of them would have the courage to do anything to him alone. The crowd quickly realizes that Col Sherburn is right, and they proceed to leave without lynching him. Huck reflects on the event by saying that the mob was pitiful, and it is seen later in the book that Huck really learns from this, as he decides to leave the basic â€Å"morals† of his time period behind and act upon what he thought was right. Twain’s characters in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are all based around the many types of romantic characters that were popular during the time the novel was written. The most prime example of the satire on romantic characters can be grasped through Tom Sawyer. Throughout the entire book, Tom’s character is based around the thrill-seeking, adventure-loving, basic character of the 1800s. He spends his time looking for the escapades that every boy of that day dreamed of, and Twain took much pleasure in poking fun at that mentality. Another example of the romantic literature iconoclastic idea is the love story between the Shepardson son and the Grangerford daughter. Also seen in Romeo and Juliet, Twain uses this episode to satirize two members of feuding families running off to be lovers together, despite their families’ wishes. Twain adored satirizing Shakespeare and even used the episode with the Duke and King practicing their â€Å"Hamlet monologue† to do so as well. The Duke and King were throwing in lines from other scenes of the play, and even lines from Macbeth, and all the while Jim and Huck were in awe that they could act so well. To show the irrationality of romantic literature, Twain makes sure all of his characters that have any sense of romantic literature pay a price in the end. Tom gets shot, the Duke and King lose their money, and the Shepardsons and Grangerfods lose their family members. Throughout the rest of the novel there are many more examples of religious, â€Å"mob mentality,† and romantic literature satire. Twain found humor in the hypocrisy of religious men and women of this time, as well as the idea that one could not think for themselves during a time when the â€Å"mob mentality† morals were absurd. Twain also found entertainment in mocking romantic literature. Although one of the most famous works in the history of literature, it can be proved that almost every aspect of this book is a mockery of something in the American past.

My Magnificent Grandpa free essay sample

Everyone has that special person in their life that shares a bond with you that will never be broken. The special person in my life is my grandpa. He died last month because of cancer. My grandpa lived life to its fullest and taught me to do the same. To start of my grandpa didn’t worry about little things. He put his family and friends, his lawn, and his garden before all other things. Yes he loves his lawn and garden like he loved his family. He would always go out and cut his grass because it had to look its best. My grandpa’s garden was beautiful he had tomatos, corn, grapes, lettuce, and black berries. I loved the corn it was to die for so yummy! This though me not to worry about the pleasures in life like money, toys, and items like that also to always put family first. We will write a custom essay sample on My Magnificent Grandpa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My grandpa loved kids every time we would come over he echoed â€Å"There my Kelsey and Molly Rosie!† with a big smile upon his face. When it was time to go he questioned â€Å"When are you coming over again?† I would yell â€Å"Soon grandpa!† When my grandpa would say that I know that I was really special to him. Now most men may not clean house but every Friday night when my grandma went to bingo he cleaned the house for her. He used to cut grass for the old woman down the street. They became good friends and had a lot in common they both couldn’t hear very well. My grandpa was a very helpful man. He does anything to keep everyone happy. He helped me to help others because of him I help my church do a community protects on thanksgiving to feed senior citizens. I’ll be the first to say my grandpa must have been popular! He had lots of friends. Kelsey Elizabeth Hill

Anglo Saxon Boast Essay Example

Anglo Saxon Boast Essay Example Anglo Saxon Boast Paper Anglo Saxon Boast Paper I am the astute descendant of Martha and John and the imposing model of two gallows, puckish boys. My superlative childhood was engulfed with the colors of my parents motherland, the aroma of family cooked meals, on a lukewarm summer nights, and with my household walls Jam-packed with melodious tempos. My oddly hazy adulthood entailed of incalculable hours painfully tackling books, constantly interpolating on the completion of the cruelty. Now, allow me drape your ears with my dear dexterity, And take my word that all shall be dumbfounded. Today, I shall reveal my superb language proficiencies: With godly talent, clutching new languages, Came like a breeze, as foreseeable. Nothing is of challenge to this genius learner, As it is sadly for the senseless societies. For this glorious conqueror sees no boundaries, As other weaklings do. Needing nothing more than a few days, To subjugate the nameless words. Amusing all who have had the advantage to Meet the authority of all languages, Understanding every word articulated. Doubt if you wish, for both you and I are mindful of Your minute probability to ever draw close to a revered Intellect. However, do not let my mere audacity seize your Insignificant enthusiasm. For I know you can always study.

Take A Stand Example

Take A Stand Example Take A Stand – Case Study Example Discussion The Likelihood of American Culture Crushing the World The growing morbidity of American’s imagination, as illustrated in the consumption of cinematic horror, suggests a potential global crash. The amount of damage that American souls have borne because of exposure to real horror is exemplified by the increasing love for the horror movie. In the recent past, horror films have experienced massive success. In addition, there has been an amplified number of Americans voluntarily traumatizing themselves. Bare facts show that moviegoers are presently demonstrating a susceptibility to horror (Ibbi 1). Conversely, one fact that stands out is that this culture is about to crash the world. Random acts of trepidation or terror against civilians seem a nearly and new incomprehensible instrument of war to most Americans. In the end, the theater of horror has a distressing effect on a person’s morale. Governments Actions to Protect Cultures States can take constructive ste ps to protect their cultural heritage in areas such as cinema. These Governments can promote the development of competencies. By this, Governments allow a deeper knowledge of the complexity of cultural heritage and all forms of interaction with disciplinary areas related to similar research framework. These promote technological, conservation, protection, and enhancement of the cultural heritage in cinema. Similarly, these enable proper appreciation and knowledge of the cultural heritage. In addition, Governments should target at developing research lines in international perspectives. These will allow the exploitation of resources by collaborating with other cinema institutions. Teaching should be based on the concept of the cultural heritage as an incorporating expression of the society, both past and present. Work CitedIbbi, Andrew Ali. Hollywood, the American Image and the Global Film Industry. cinej 3.1 (2014): n. pag. Web.

Maths and Statistics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maths and Statistics Assignment 2 - Essay Example The point of intersection, where the axes meet is called the origin normally labelled as O. A particular point on a two dimensional coordinate system is defined by the x unit first, followed by y unit in the form (x, y). There are four quadrants as shown in below figure. In Quadrant I the values are (x,y), and II:(-x,y), III:(-x,-y) and IV:(x,-y). The  polar coordinate system  is a  two-dimensional  coordinate system  in which a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction determine each point on a plane. It is useful where the relationship between two points is expressed in terms of angle and distance. The fixed point is called the  pole, and the  ray  from the pole with the fixed direction is the  polar axis. The distance from the pole is called the  radial coordinate  or  radius, and the angle (measured in anti-clockwise) is the  angular coordinate,  polar angle, or  azimuth. Below diagram (left) shows the polar coordinate system: A particular point on the polar coordinate system is defined by the distance r first, followed by the angle ÃŽ ¸ (in degrees or radians) in the form (r, ÃŽ ¸). An equivalent Cartesian  coordinate system  for the polar coordinate system  is shown to the right, where point (x, y) is represented by (. Latitude  (horizontal line also referred as parallel) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point north or south of the Equator.  Each degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles (111 km) apart. Degrees latitude are numbered from 0 ° to 90 ° north and south. Zero degree is the equator, the imaginary line that divides our planet into the northern and southern hemispheres. 90 ° north is the North Pole and 90 ° south is the South Pole. Longitude  (vertical line also referred as meridians) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east or

StockTrak Investment Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

StockTrak Investment Strategy - Essay Example Corporate and Treasury bonds have been considered in the portfolio investment for diversification purpose of the investment risks. This helps the investor to spread the investment risk to avoid incurring heavy losses due to unforeseen market volatility in future (Fabozzi and Drake 68). The portfolio investment selected by the investor has the potential of allowing income generation and capital appreciation in future due to the characteristic of the various assets considered in the investment. One of the reasons that depicts that the investment portfolio is the pricing of the stocks selected (Reilly and Brown 33). The value prices of majority of the stocks selected in the portfolio investment are relatively undervalued. This is because the recent acquisitions and mergers by Google Corporation, Tesla Corporation, Trina Solar limited (TSL), AT&T Corporation, and Bank of America BAC depict that the profitability of the companies is likely to increase in future. Mergers and acquisition are essential for a company since it helps the company to expand its investment for high revenue generation in future. The companies will be able to generate more profit in future that is vital for dividend generation and stock demand in the stock market (Fabozzi and Drake 62). Thus, the current pricing of the various stocks considered in the portfolio investment are undervalued since they do not reflect the potential growth of the stocks. Consequently, the undervaluation of the stocks considered in the portfolio investment will ensure the capital investment of the investor appreciates in future. This is because the high demand of the stocks in future due to high profit generation will cause the price of the stocks to rise significantly. Accordingly, the value of the stock assets will increase significantly for the investor in future. Similarly, the high potential of the stocks growth due to profitability

New Media Technologies Adoption Challenges Information Technology Essay

New Media Technologies Adoption Challenges Information Technology Essay Latest advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) have continued to be a major factor that is catapulting modern society to a high technology one. With cutting edge and far-reaching developments in science and technology in the late twentieth century, Ipad, ipods, new video games, cellular phones, electronic banking, and satellite television are just a few of the ICT innovations that have taken our modern life by storm. The Information and Communication Technologies in this study is operationalised to mean the new media technologies, including satellites, telephony, the Internet, the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM), other components of computer- assisted reporting and multimedia systems. These are new improved technological facilities that facilitate the creation, storage, management and dissemination of information by electronic means. No doubt, this wave of new media technologies within the fabric of todays globalised village has continued to pressure everyone to adopt ICTs as the whole world is being shrunk into one small entity and computing, telecommunications, broadcast and print media continue to converge on common digital-based techniques. Since the great inroad of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into the global scene at the dawn of the 21st century, significant changes have been recorded in the way man does things. In virtually every profession, the traces of the ICTs are clear, bringing radical changes and improvement. Specifically, media practice the world over has witnessed a great change; and traditional journalism has been replaced with hi-tech journalism (Obe 2008). The use of the facilities of the New Information and Communication Technologies has given birth to the components of Computer-Assisted Reporting (CAR) which are commercial online databases, CD-ROM, Electronic Bulletin Boards (BBS), Electronic morgue, in-house topical databases, electronic public records and the Internet (Davenport et al, 1996). Besides, the use of ICTs facilities to disseminate news and information at jet speed, as in Electronic News Gathering (ENG) and Satellite News Gathering (SNG), have really taken journalism practice by storm. Evidences suggest that in no distant time, virtually every practice of the media will be carried out with the use of ICTs. Very soon, if not now, media practitioners will have no other option than to search the web, use e-mail attachments, navigate newsgroup, setting up list servers, downloading of web files and analysis of databases and so on. With these new communication technologies, interpersonal communication has been greatly improved upon with facilities like fax machines, communication satellites, e-mails, personal digital assistants, cellular phones and the Internet. These days, everybody is within the reach of everybody else. The emergence of the computer and its interlinked network the Internet, has ushered in a new opportunity for the ICTs-induced communication. The real motive behind the communication is to create a virtual global village where information flow cannot be disrupted. When ICTs are fully adopted and used, the socio-economic and developmental lives of the people will be greatly enhanced. The aim of this paper is to track the adoption and use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Most developing nations of the world are confronted with socio-economic problems ranging from poverty to corruption with no solution in sight. The assumption is that one of the safest routes to escape from the problem is for most developing nations of the world to adopt and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). That is why most developing nations are trying to subscribe to the modern day developmental magic with a view to transforming their societies for good. The argument as to whether Africa can actually utilize ICTs for her development in the face of the prevailing circumstances is gaining robust dimension. In their UNESCO-sponsored pilot study on adoption of ICTs in Africa and Asia-Pacific, Obijiofor et al submit: In Africa, ignorance is far more major obstacles and those aware, mostly the educated and literate people in the private sector, say as much as they appreciate the need and importance of ICTs, the economic situation in their countries and general poverty make it difficult for people who need these ICTs to acquire them. In Ghana, for example, the per capital income is US$400 and the average cost of a computer (plus modem and telephone line etc) is US$1500. Also in Nigeria, to acquire a computer/modem, ISP subscription and telephone line would require the total annual income of a graduate. Considering the above statement by Obijiofor et al, there is arguably a concern over the general poverty mentality on the part of media professionals which could tend to make them see acquisition of computers as luxury and as status symbols or statement of ones hierarchy in society, as such, consider purchasing ICTs as purchasing a diamond or gold. For instance, a longitudinal study aimed at tracking the adoption of computer-based information sources by Nigerian newspapers conducted in 2004 reveals that there is a zero or near-zero use of most of the components of computer-assisted reporting (CAR). For example, no Nigerian newspaper is currently using electronic morgue and electronic public records. There is also very little use of CD-ROMs and commercial online databases (Okoye, 2004). This however calls for a serious concern on whether the journalists can appreciably use ICTs to really deliver developmental and investigative journalism required to sanitise the society. Hence, the st udy sought to address this concern by examining how media professionals use ICTs to deliver their task. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The specific objectives of the study are: To track the level of adoption of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria To determine specific ICTs tools that is in use among Nigerian media professionals. To determine the challenges surrounding the adoption and use of ICTs by Nigerian media professionals. SCOPE OF STUDY The study narrows down to media professionals working with selected media organizations in Lagos, Nigeria as respondents. The study location is adopted because there is a high concentration of media professionals and their organizations in Lagos, the nerve centre of the Nigerian Press. Besides, Lagos is today regarded as the city with the most developed, vibrant and dynamic media industry in Africa (BBC poll). The media professionals include staff of major ICTs-driven print media (Newspapers and magazines) organizations that are registered by Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and the broadcast media outfits licensed by the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC). The media professionals in each of the media organisations are the reporters at all levels (including freelancers), editors, newscasters, studio engineers and prepress staff. The respondents were limited to these categories because those are the people believed to be leading in media technology in Nigeria media industry. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES Two research hypotheses were raised for this research. Research Hypothesis 1 H1: There is an inverse relationship between the cost of acquisition of ICTs and adoption and use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria. Research Hypothesis 2 H1: Use of specific communication strategies is dependent on the income level of media professionals in Nigeria. Brief Review of Literature Previous studies on the rate of adoption and use of communication technologies in Africa had been slow and gradual and couldnt match up with the sporadic rate of adoption of ICTs which was unprecedented in world history. For instance, it took radio thirty-eight years; television took thirteen years, while cable took ten years to hit the mass medium status, whereas it took the Internet only six years to reach the fifty million users mark (Kaye and Medoff, 2001). In Nigeria, it did not take up to three years for the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM) to hit appreciable number of adopters and users. The universal adoption of Internet is revealed through universal access data in various countries in the region. Topping the list of countries with high internet access are Korea 56% and Singapore (44%). In the median section are Malaysia with 14% and Brunei Darussalam (11%). Further down the line are Philippines (6%), Thailand (4%), and Indonesia (1%). Countries like Cambodia and Myanmar are at the bottom of the heap with less than 1% Internet diffusion. Among countries in the Caucuses and Central Asia, the internet is primarily accessible in the largest urban centres and technical services and support are often slow and expensive (Asian Womens Resource Exchange 2001: 36). Theoretical Orientations A concept that was employed in this study is Technological Determinism which assumes that changes in communication technology inevitably produce profound changes in both culture and social order. The concept holds further that technology inevitably causes specific changes in how people think, in how society is structured, and in forms of culture that are created. Marshall McLuhan who is a chief proponent of this concept staunchly believes that all social, political, economic and cultural change is inevitably based on the development and diffusion of technology. These and many other theories related to the work shall be fully explored in the main report. The concept of critical mass theory as it applies to the adoption of new communication technologies is desirable and would be used. The term comes from physics, where critical mass refers to the minimum amount of material needed to trigger and sustain a radioactive chain reaction. The term has been loosely applied to communication and refers to the minimum number of people needed as adopters before a new communication technology can have a permanent place in the society (Kaye and Medoff, 2001). Williams, Strover and Grant (1994) corroborate: An interesting aspect of the critical mass perspective is that widespread use appears to have a snowball effect. Once a perceived critical mass is using the technology, those without it are strongly motivated to adopt it. The reasoning here is that despite the drawbacks, such as cost or difficulty in using the technology, people (and institutions) are pressured to adopt the technology because failure to do so may exclude them from existing communication networks (p34). Before any medium can be considered a mass medium, a critical mass of adopters must be reached. Generally, critical mass is achieved when about 16 percent of the entire population has adopted an innovation, although in the case of mass media, fifty million users seem to be the milestone (Markus,1990; Neufeld, 1997 cited in Kaye and Medoff, 2001). Researches have shown that the rate of radio adoption crawled along for thirty-eight years before hitting the magic fifty million users; television took thirteen years, while cable took ten years to hit this mass medium status. In less than six years of its existence as a consumer medium, Internet has reached the fifty million users mark. Between 1995 and 1997, the estimated number of US online users ranged from 51 million to about 58 million. (About One in Four Adults, 1996; American Internet User Survey, 1997; CommerceNet and Nielsen Research, 1995; GVUs seventh www user survey, 1997; Hoffman, Kalsbeek, and Novak, 1996a; McGarvey, 1996; MIDS, 1995; OReiley Survey Sets, 1995; Taylor, 1997). In 1998 and 1999, between 57 million and 64 million people in the United States used the Internet (Decotis, 1999; Relevant Knowledge Rank the Sites, 1998). In 1999, Jupiter Communications claimed that in the United States alone, there were as many as 90 million Internet users (Guglielmo, 1999). The Computer Industry Almanac claims that the use has topped 100 million people 40 percent of the population (US tops, 1999). More alarming is the Data monitors claim that by year 2003 about 545 million Internet users will be around the world (Data monitor: 545 users, 1999). The BBC has greatly adopted the new media technology in its operations. Its new media division, the BBC online, has become one of the UKs most popular website, with over 190 million page impression requests per month. Besides, it has also introduced the BBCi meaning, the BBC interactive that takes in computers and interactive digital television across Sky, ITV Digital and the cable companies. CNN and other leading broadcast stations in the world are following. Various arguments have been advanced for and against the adoption of ICTs. Stevenson, Burkett and Myint (1993) argue that the new communication and information technologies can strengthen the centralized, industrial, command economy or decentralize empowerment for finding creative solutions to local and global problems through new social technologies. Other pro ICTs scholars point out that new technologies lead to speedier, more accurate, and improved outcomes that increase our capabilities and make us more efficacious (Dickson, 1974; Florman, 1981) In terms of the Internet, we are able to communicate far more effectively, with more people and in more ways, than before (Rowland, 1997). The advancement in the production and availability of sexual material can be viewed as a function of technological advancement (Durkin Bryant, 1995; Lane, 2000). It is arguable that all media technologies, from print to the Internet, have been used for sexual purposes (Noonan, 1998). In their argument against ICTs, Inayatullah insists that ICT causes further cultural impoverishment by continuing the one-way communication between North and South and much more that ICTs create information based economy and not a communicative society (Inayatullah, 1999). Lerner and Schramm (1976) throw more weight: Throughout the less developed regions, people have been led to want more than they can get. This can be attributed in part to the spread of the mass media, which inevitably show and tell people about the good things of life that are available elsewhereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦As people in the poor countries were being shown and told about goodies available in developed countries, they were also being taught about their own inferiorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦at least in terms of wealth and well-being. Recognition of the disparities between the rich and poor countries produced among some a sense of aggressiveness. Both apathy and aggression usually are counter-productive to genuine development efforts (Lerner and Schramm, 1976:341-342) METHOD OF RESEARCH This study employed survey research method. This involves design of questionnaires which were administered to the respondents. Pertinent questions that bother on the adoption and usage of ICT constitute the bulk of the questionnaire design. The methodological procedure established includes the study population, sample size, the sampling procedures, the research instruments, the data collection exercise, problems of data collection, data preparation and entry as well as the analytical techniques adopted. STUDY POPULATION The study population comprises media professionals working with selected media organizations in Lagos. The media professionals are mostly journalists believed to be using ICTs to enhance their work. The media professionals fielded questions on their adoption and usage of ICTs tools. The media professionals include staff of major ICTs-driven print media (Newspapers and magazines) organizations that are registered by Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and the broadcast media recognized and licensed by the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC). The media professionals in each of the media organisations are the reporters at all levels (including freelancers), editors, newscasters, studio engineers and prepress staff. The respondents were limited to these categories because those are the people who use ICTs facilities in the media industry. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The simple random sampling technique was used to select the required media organisations for the study. Within the selected media organizations, the simple random sampling technique was equally used to select respondents within the media organizations under study. This was desirable as it rules out bias and subjectivity in the choice of respondents. STUDY SAMPLE As at the time of conducting this study, 47 print media organisations were registered by Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and out of the 47, only 18 Lagos-based print media houses weer still in circulation. Out of the 18 functioning, six print media organisations were selected for this study. The selected six media houses consist of four newspapers and two magazines (for the print media). Out of the existing broadcast stations licensed by NBC, four were selected which consist of two television stations and two radio stations. This made the total number of media organizations studied to be ten in number. The print media organizations selected are: Punch Nigeria Limited (publisher of the Punch Titles); Leaders and Company Limited. (Publisher of ThisDay Titles); The Sun Publishing Limited (Publisher of The Sun Newspaper); Financial Standard newspaper; Independent Communications Network Limited (Publisher of TheNEWS magazine and Newswactch Communication Limited (Publisher of Newswatch magazine). In the broadcast media, the four media stations selected are African Independent Television, Lagos (AIT) and Nigerian Television Authority, Lagos (NTA Channel 10) (Television) and Raypower 100.5 FM, Lagos and FRCN, Lagos (Radio Nigeria). SAMPLE SIZE Among the ten media organizations selected for this study, 200 communication professionals were chosen as respondents. The 200 consists of twenty respondents from each of the ten media organisations. Some of the media organizations studied do not have up to two hundred journalists, except for NTA and FRCN which are government owned. Nevertheless, it was estimated that 20 of the existing number of journalists in each of the organizations should be representative enough for generalization to be drawn. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The main instrument for this research is the questionnaire. The questionnaires were designed using both the open-ended and closed-ended approaches. The first section of the two questionnaire schedules contained questions on respondents background, socio-economic and other demographic characteristics. These include questions on respondents sex, age, marital status, monthly income, educational attainment of respondents. The second section of the questionnaire dealt with information on adoption and use of ICTs. Respondents were asked to state their area of media practice and name of their media organizations and the department of the media organization in which they work. Specific questions about the time of their adoption of ICTs and that of their media organizations were raised. The questionnaire equally sought to know what specific ICTs tools are commonly or easily in use by the media professionals. The second section also probed into the adoption of the components of computer-assisted reporting. It used likert-like scale to really ascertain the degree of their adoption and use. The section of the questionnaire did not stop there, it tested the adoption of database journalism as well as the practice of computer-assisted investigative reporting. The questionnaire also probed into the economic aspect of ICTs, where questions that link cost and other economic considerations to the use and adoption were raised. VALIDATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS As a way of validating the instruments used for this research, face validity check was carried out by two senior university academics. Besides, a pilot study was conducted by the researcher in 2007. The pilot study aimed at tracking the adoption and use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria. The study was a follow up to an initial study conducted by Okoye (2004) at the University of Lagos. The success of the pilot study is an indication that the research instrument was tested with positive results. Problems Encountered A study of this magnitude cannot be completed without challenges, especially during data collection. The first problem was created by the corporate affairs manager of Daar Communications Plc, owner of AIT/Raypower who ordered the security operatives to usher the researcher out of the premises when the researcher had started administering the questionnaire copies to AIT staff before realizing that such must first pass through the corporate affairs manager for scrutiny. The managers seemingly rude approach at correcting visitors annoyed the researcher which led to minor altercations. This was later settled, but the researcher had to drop copies of the questionnaire to come back for it three days later, thereby making the wait-and-get approach unworkable in AIT. One major problem is the lackadaisical attitudes of media professionals towards academic research. Most of them claimed they were very busy to attend to us while others complained that the items on the questionnaire design are too many to answer. Some of them would ask us to wait till he finishes his report which could take an hour or two. There were instances of refusals, especially when the receptionist had to confirm the willingness of the respondents. The brown envelope mentality of the press was equally expressed here, although with few journalists when they openly requested for gratification or bottle of coke before filling the copies of questionnaire. Since this was anticipated by the researcher during the training, the field assistants were asked to use their initiatives and parley the respondents by creating much needed rapport. This eventually yielded positive efforts. Another major problem encountered is that few of the respondents, especially the senior staff had the propensity to lie about their adoption and use of ICTs for one major reason: they want to impress the researcher that their organization is standard and ICT-compliant, so in cases where they have not adopted a particular component of ICTs, they tend to say they have. The researcher and field assistants overcame this problem by demanding to see and probably take a photo shot of such facilities for the archive. For instance, in Punch, the Chief Librarian claimed they have adopted electronic morgue but when the researcher requested to see it and take a photo shot, she mellowed down and said their electronic morgue is still under construction. Data Preparation and Data Entry Having returned the survey data from the field, the data were carefully edited by the researcher himself to ensure completeness, legibility, clarity and consistency. After these internal checks, a total of 172 copies of the questionnaire were adjudged usable for analysis out of the 181 that were completed and returned. After this, data were entered and the statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for programming and analysis after the data entry. The SPSS and data entry were done by a database administrator with the assistance of the researcher. Discussions of Findings The data elicited from media professionals show that there are more male media professionals than their female folks as respondents in the research work and that majority of the respondents are young persons who are within the age range of 30-49 years. Besides, there is preponderance for married persons. Majority of the respondents have first degree/higher diploma as highest academic qualifications. The monthly salary of most of the media professionals falls between the range of N10,000 and N39,999. This shows most media professionals in Nigeria earn below N40,000. Most media organizations in Nigeria adopted the tools of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in their operations between 1999 2000 and 2001-2005. This period coincided with the time Punch newspaper house sacked all its photographers and abolished the use of film development process in the production of photographs. Instead, they adopted the use of digital camera which no longer requires the use of tedious traditional dark room film development processes. Of all the tools of ICTs available to media professionals, the Internet was mostly in use. In other words, the respondents use Internet more than any other tools. This confirms the findings of the pilot study conducted to validate the questionnaire for this study which revealed that out of the tools of ICTs, the Internet has the highest adopters. The respondents are however, divided about the description of their current state of adoption and use of ICTs. While some indicated that the current state of adoption and use among them is high, another good numbers do not share the high belief but rather describe the adoption and use as moderate. From the data gathered, the greatest challenge militating against the use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria is the cost of acquiring the facilities. This was followed by lack of base infrastructure like electricity. Only very few attributed why they do not use ICTs to unfavourable government policies. More importantly, majority of the respondents hold that the cost of acquiring ICTs tools is high. Although, respondents gave different opinions on cost of ICTs , but what remains clear is that there is a preponderance for respondents who see the cost of acquiring ICTs as being on the high side. Another important finding is that the income level of the respondent is a barrier to their acquisition of ICTs, The data had earlier established the fact that a greater portion of the respondents earn between N10,000 and N39,999 monthly. However, the bulk of the respondents opined that the benefits inherent in the use of ICTs are enormous. The data reveal that very appreciable number of the respondents are quite aware of Electronic Newsgathering and Satellite newsgathering (ENG and SNG), Very few numbers of the respondents unaware of ENG and SNG. The respondents are again divided on their level of agreement of the fact that ENG and SNG are needed in every contemporary media organization. Very many of them strongly agree while only few strongly disagree. Highest percentage of the respondents equally opined that ENG and SNG are the best in performing news gathering functions. In the same vein, the respondents indicated that ENG and SNG have done the following good to media organizations: betterment of broadcast production quality; great improvement in broadcast media practice in Nigeria; attraction of more audience to media organizations; positive change in the news processing and techniques. To cap it all, most of the respondents indicated that the benefits derived from ENG and SNG outweighs the challenges therein. Summary of findings and Conclusion Most media organizations in Nigeria adopted the tools of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in their operations at the dawn of the millennium and of all the tools of ICTs available to media professionals, the Internet was mostly in use. Data showed that the monthly salary of most of the media professionals falls between the range of N10,000 and N39,999. This means that most media professionals in Nigeria earn less than N40,000; the average income is N25,000 ( £130). The media professionals were mostly reporters, newscasters and prepress staff, a handful were editors and top management staff. The greatest challenge against the use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria is the cost of acquiring the facilities. This is compounded by lack of base infrastructure like electricity. Only very few attributed why they do not use ICTs to unfavourable government policies. More importantly, majority of the respondents held that the cost of acquiring ICTs tools is high. This study concludes that the adoption of ICTs by Nigerian media professionals is relatively low, though its use is noticeable but relatively insufficient. It is low and insufficient because there are prevailing circumstances militating against the adoption and use of ICTs by media professionals. One of the most fundamental challenges that media professionals are being faced with is the cost and affordability of ICTs tools. The research is of a strong conclusion that the income level of the media professionals could not match the cost of acquisition of ICTs. This means that what the media professionals earn as income cannot enable them to afford buying ICTs tools without sweat. In contemporary Nigeria, to buy a digital camera, computer laptop, with modem and payment for Internet subscriptions costs around two hundred and fifty thousand naira ( £1000) depending on the sophistication and configuration of the ICTs tools. With the average monthly income of media professionals put at Tw enty five thousand naira ( £120) monthly and three hundred thousand naira ( £1200) annually, one could infer that it takes close to the total annual income of media professionals in Nigeria to buy a digital camera, computer laptop, with modem and payment for annual Internet subscriptions. This research is in agreement with a UNESCO-sponsored research on impact of ICTs on Socio-economic development of Africa and Asia Pacific where it was found out that it takes the total annual income of a graduate in Ghana, to be a computer-assisted journalist (Obijiofor et al 1999). The case among freelance journalists who do not receive specific salary and live on brown envelope is even worst as they survive on gratification offered by newsmakers. The implication of this is that journalists who should be maximizing the benefits inherent in ICTs do not see computers as useful compared with vehicle or calculator. In other words, these journalists see computers as luxury tools that could only be acquired when one is economically comfortable. To them, it is a question of scale of preference: if you have to feed and if you have to think of having a computer laptop, you will want to feed first, because if you dont feed, you are not likely to survive. Another challenge to the use of ICTs is the non-availabilty of Infrastructural support and one of the infrastructural facilities that constitute a barrier is inadequate supply of electricity/power. In Nigeria, the power generating authorities have been changing their names from NEPA to PHCN. When the name was NEPA, Nigerians, out of frustration gave their own coinage of NEPA as Never Expect Power Always as against the official name of National Electric Power Authority. As it is, most telecommunications base stations run on generators because electricity is a very scarce commodity in Nigeria. This hampers smooth telecommunication networks. Most places in Lagos do not have electricity for a week or more, and when there is, the supply comes in an interrupted way. This makes one to be switching from NEPA to generator which resultantly could damage the computer system and hampers the server and Internet network connections. Supporting this position of electricity challenge are Baffour Kojo, Asiedu and Lu, Song Feng (2003) in their work published in the Pakistan Journal of Information and Technology and titled Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Internet as a Tool in the Developing World, Challenges and the Way Forward submit: The main problem with an e-mail system for most of the developing world (and much of Africa) is the unreliability of electricity and telephone lines, which are often out of order for days on end. Even when they are workin